Psychological Factors and Stress-Related Illnesses Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of health according to the text?

  • A state of physical, mental, and social well-being (correct)
  • The absence of physical well-being
  • The absence of mental and social well-being
  • The absence of disease and infirmity

    • What are the global leading causes of death according to the text?

  • Noncommunicable diseases
  • Infections and noncommunicable diseases
  • Injuries and noncommunicable diseases
  • Injuries, communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions, and nutritional deficiencies (correct)

    • What percentage of deaths in the United States can be attributed to unhealthful behavior?

  • 31%
  • 60%
  • 9%
  • 45% (correct)

    • What percentage of day-to-day health problems are related to unhealthful behavior?

    <p>More than 45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the stress response involves diverting energy from long-term processes like digestion and growth towards short-term immune processes and respiration?

    <p>Resistance phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can maternal cortisol levels during pregnancy have on child behavior problems?

    <p>Negative impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones play different roles in stress response for women and men?

    <p>Testosterone and cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical response of women under stress, according to the text?

    <p>Tend and befriend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be the consequence of the fight or flight response in non-emergency or ordinary stress situations?

    <p>Counterproductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help reduce stress and turn down the fight or flight response?

    <p>Exercising and relaxation techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the subject of study in psycho-neuroimmunology?

    <p>Impact of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes on health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prolonged stress lead to, according to the text?

    <p>Physical deterioration and premature aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can major stressors today trigger, according to the text?

    <p>Full activation of the fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can stress lead to, affecting the immune system?

    <p>Psychophysiological illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does psycho-neuroimmunology study in relation to health?

    <p>Impact of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes on health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components involved in the stress response?

    <p>Pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, and release of glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has a direct impact on physical health?

    <p>Maintaining a healthy weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in gut-brain communication?

    <p>Enteric nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In whom is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) more common?

    <p>Individuals with pre-existing psychiatric illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interventions have been shown to improve symptoms of IBS?

    <p>Gut-directed hypnotherapy, mindfulness meditation, and cognitive-behavioral therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has the Standard American Diet (SAD) been associated with?

    <p>Negative health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has New Zealand imposed on youth buying cigarettes?

    <p>Lifetime ban</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can too little or excessive stress lead to?

    <p>Low performance levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stress a process of?

    <p>Appraising and responding to threatening or challenging events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the risk of catching a cold?

    <p>Chronic stress lasting a month or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can extreme stress lead to in some individuals?

    <p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in how individuals respond to stress?

    <p>Resilience and hardiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with elevated cortisol levels and suppressed immunocompetence?

    <p>Negative affectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept associated with social hostility in relation to stress-related illnesses?

    <p>Type A personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coping strategy involves dealing directly with the stressor?

    <p>Problem-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) study?

    <p>The mind-body link and how psychological factors can interfere with the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality type is more likely to develop coronary heart disease?

    <p>Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Compensatory Control Theory suggest religious belief systems can provide?

    <p>An external source of control that substitutes a perceived lack of personal control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does emotional venting and confession have been linked to?

    <p>Better health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is linked to suppressed immunocompetence and an increased risk of heart disease in adult men?

    <p>Pessimistic explanatory style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the belief in controlling one's fate influence?

    <p>Stress coping strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result in coronary heart disease due to clogging of the heart's nourishing vessels?

    <p>Stress leading to elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with Type A personality?

    <p>Social hostility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common stress-associated disease mentioned in the text?

    <p>Diminished immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field is concerned with the nature and development of abnormal behavior, thoughts, and feelings?

    <p>Abnormal psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to a state of mental/behavioral ill health?

    <p>Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to finding a collection of symptoms that tend to go together, and not just seeing a single symptom?

    <p>Patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does deviant mean in the context of psychological disorders?

    <p>Differing from the norm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociological model of mental illness challenges traditional perspectives?

    <p>The labeling theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who has criticized the DSM for its ever-growing list of psychiatric disorders and overly inclusive symptoms?

    <p>Thomas Szasz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DSM-IV provide for the diagnosis of psychological disorders?

    <p>Categories and axes for different aspects of a patient's condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the DSM-5 task force members have ties to the pharmaceutical industry?

    <p>69%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who suggests that few mental health professionals embrace mental health as an entity?

    <p>William Glasser, M.D.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of the DSM?

    <p>It has faced criticism for its ever-growing list of psychiatric disorders and overly inclusive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the DSM-IV?

    <p>A manual of mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are culture-bound syndromes evident in?

    <p>Bulimia nervosa and hikikomori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the labeling theory suggest about diagnosis?

    <p>It can stigmatize people and lead to discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who had schizophrenia and substance abuse issues?

    <p>Jared Loughner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DSM-IV group psychological disorders into?

    <p>Categories and axes for different aspects of a patient's condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DSM face criticism for including?

    <p>Everyday problems in living as mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves two polar opposite moods: depression and mania?

    <p>Bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of dissociation mentioned in the text?

    <p>Sleep deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with ruminating, learned helplessness, and a depressive explanatory style?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder does not necessarily equate to criminality?

    <p>Antisocial personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do brain PET scans show in individuals with bipolar disorder?

    <p>Energy consumption fluctuates with emotional swings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do dissociative disorders involve?

    <p>Disruption in integrated functions of identity, consciousness, memory, and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the former name of dissociative identity disorder (D.I.D.)?

    <p>Multiple personality alternative disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of persistent depressive disorder?

    <p>Nonspecific symptoms such as changes in body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of dissociation?

    <p>Psychological escape from overwhelming stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do personality disorders like histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders have?

    <p>Distinct characteristics and behavioral patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a brain difference in people who commit murder?

    <p>Less tissue and activity in the part of the brain that suppresses impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a dissociative disorder?

    <p>Dissociative fugue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are symptoms of Internet Addiction Disorder?

    <p>Preoccupation, inability to control use, using it to escape problems, withdrawal, and excessive use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

    <p>Emotional-cognitive and physical symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Panic Disorder involve?

    <p>Intense dread, physical sensations, and fear of a next attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Specific Phobia characterized by?

    <p>An uncontrollable, irrational, intense desire to avoid an object or situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

    <p>Obsessions and compulsions, causing distress and dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the manifestations of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

    <p>Intrusive memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of resilience after trauma?

    <p>Lingering stress, finding strengths, connection with others, hope, and seeing trauma as a challenge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between mental illness and homelessness?

    <p>People who are homeless are more likely to experience mental illness or poor mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the biggest increase in homelessness attributed to?

    <p>Welfare rate reductions and limited investment in social housing in the 1990s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Internet Addiction Disorder similar to pathological gambling?

    <p>In terms of impulse control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Mental illness and/or substance abuse problems among the homeless?

    <p>Over-representation among the homeless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Resilience after trauma?

    <p>Lingering stress, finding strengths, connection with others, hope, and seeing trauma as a challenge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible explanation for Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.)?

    <p>Extreme role-playing and cultural construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with Schizophrenia?

    <p>Disorganized speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of hallucinations in Schizophrenia?

    <p>Auditory hallucinations with upsetting content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can inappropriate emotions in schizophrenia manifest as?

    <p>Flat affect and impaired perception of emotions in others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result in odd and socially inappropriate behaviors in schizophrenia?

    <p>Disorganized thinking, delusions, and hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does schizophrenia typically develop?

    <p>Late adolescence or early adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the biological risk factors for schizophrenia?

    <p>Low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, and maternal virus during midpregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the course of schizophrenia include?

    <p>Acute/reactive or chronic, with different symptom presentations and recovery likelihood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do schizophrenia symptoms consist of?

    <p>Positive (presence of problematic behaviors) and negative (absence of healthy behaviors) symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?

    <p>Nearly 1 in 100 people, slightly more in men than women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can mental disorders like schizophrenia and D.I.D. arise from?

    <p>Interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible explanation for Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.)?

    <p>Extreme role-playing and cultural construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychological Factors and Stress-Related Illnesses

    • Psychophysiological illness is a real illness caused in part by psychological factors such as stress.
    • Common stress-associated diseases include diminished immunity, headache, fatigue, weight gain, hypertension, heart disease, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and substance abuse.
    • Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) studies the mind-body link and how psychological factors, especially stress, can interfere with the function of the immune system.
    • Personality types such as Type A (competitive, impatient) and Type B (easygoing) are linked to stress-related illnesses, with Type A personalities more likely to develop coronary heart disease.
    • Stress that leads to elevated blood pressure may result in coronary heart disease due to clogging of the heart's nourishing vessels.
    • The concept of Type A personality, coined by cardiologists, is primarily associated with social hostility.
    • Emotional inhibition or suppression of hostility can worsen the impact of stress, while emotional venting and confession have been linked to better health outcomes.
    • Negative affectivity, characterized by anxiety, depression, and hostility, is associated with elevated cortisol levels and suppressed immunocompetence.
    • Pessimistic explanatory style has been related to suppressed immunocompetence and an increased risk of heart disease in adult men.
    • Locus of control, the belief in controlling one's fate, influences stress coping strategies, with internal control associated with more effective cognitive coping methods.
    • Coping strategies include problem-focused coping (dealing directly with the stressor) and emotion-focused coping (changing one's reaction to the stressor).
    • Compensatory Control Theory suggests that religious belief systems can provide an external source of control that substitutes a perceived lack of personal control, as demonstrated in experimental studies.

    Understanding Schizophrenia and Dissociative Identity Disorder

    • Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.) involves distinct personalities not present in consciousness at the same time, with varying degrees of awareness of each other.
    • Explanations for D.I.D. include extreme role-playing and cultural construction, potentially worsened by therapist encouragement.
    • Schizophrenia symptoms include disorganized speech, delusions, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions.
    • Schizophrenia commonly involves hallucinations, particularly auditory, with upsetting content.
    • Inappropriate emotions in schizophrenia can manifest as flat affect and impaired perception of emotions in others.
    • Odd and socially inappropriate behaviors in schizophrenia can result from disorganized thinking, delusions, and hallucinations.
    • Schizophrenia symptoms can include repetitive behaviors and catatonia.
    • Schizophrenia typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood, with a prevalence of nearly 1 in 100 people, slightly more in men than women.
    • The course of schizophrenia can be acute/reactive or chronic, with different symptom presentations and recovery likelihood.
    • Schizophrenia symptoms consist of positive (presence of problematic behaviors) and negative (absence of healthy behaviors) symptoms.
    • Biological risk factors for schizophrenia include low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, and maternal virus during midpregnancy.
    • Mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and D.I.D., can arise from the interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the psychological factors contributing to stress-related illnesses with this quiz. Explore concepts such as psychophysiological illness, personality types, coping strategies, and the mind-body link studied in psychoneuroimmunology. Gain insights into how psychological factors, stress, and coping methods can impact physical health.

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