91 Questions
What is the definition of health according to the text?
A state of physical, mental, and social well-being
What are the global leading causes of death according to the text?
Injuries, communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions, and nutritional deficiencies
What percentage of deaths in the United States can be attributed to unhealthful behavior?
45%
What percentage of day-to-day health problems are related to unhealthful behavior?
More than 45%
Which phase of the stress response involves diverting energy from long-term processes like digestion and growth towards short-term immune processes and respiration?
Resistance phase
What impact can maternal cortisol levels during pregnancy have on child behavior problems?
Negative impact
Which hormones play different roles in stress response for women and men?
Testosterone and cortisol
What is the typical response of women under stress, according to the text?
Tend and befriend
What may be the consequence of the fight or flight response in non-emergency or ordinary stress situations?
Counterproductivity
What can help reduce stress and turn down the fight or flight response?
Exercising and relaxation techniques
What is the subject of study in psycho-neuroimmunology?
Impact of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes on health
What does prolonged stress lead to, according to the text?
Physical deterioration and premature aging
What can major stressors today trigger, according to the text?
Full activation of the fight or flight response
What can stress lead to, affecting the immune system?
Psychophysiological illnesses
What does psycho-neuroimmunology study in relation to health?
Impact of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes on health
What are the components involved in the stress response?
Pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, and release of glucocorticoids
Which factor has a direct impact on physical health?
Maintaining a healthy weight
What plays a significant role in gut-brain communication?
Enteric nervous system
In whom is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) more common?
Individuals with pre-existing psychiatric illnesses
Which interventions have been shown to improve symptoms of IBS?
Gut-directed hypnotherapy, mindfulness meditation, and cognitive-behavioral therapy
What has the Standard American Diet (SAD) been associated with?
Negative health outcomes
What has New Zealand imposed on youth buying cigarettes?
Lifetime ban
What can too little or excessive stress lead to?
Low performance levels
What is stress a process of?
Appraising and responding to threatening or challenging events
What increases the risk of catching a cold?
Chronic stress lasting a month or more
What can extreme stress lead to in some individuals?
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
What plays a crucial role in how individuals respond to stress?
Resilience and hardiness
Which factor is associated with elevated cortisol levels and suppressed immunocompetence?
Negative affectivity
What is the primary concept associated with social hostility in relation to stress-related illnesses?
Type A personality
Which coping strategy involves dealing directly with the stressor?
Problem-focused coping
What does Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) study?
The mind-body link and how psychological factors can interfere with the immune system
Which personality type is more likely to develop coronary heart disease?
Type A
What does Compensatory Control Theory suggest religious belief systems can provide?
An external source of control that substitutes a perceived lack of personal control
What does emotional venting and confession have been linked to?
Better health outcomes
What is linked to suppressed immunocompetence and an increased risk of heart disease in adult men?
Pessimistic explanatory style
What does the belief in controlling one's fate influence?
Stress coping strategies
What may result in coronary heart disease due to clogging of the heart's nourishing vessels?
Stress leading to elevated blood pressure
What is associated with Type A personality?
Social hostility
What is a common stress-associated disease mentioned in the text?
Diminished immunity
Which field is concerned with the nature and development of abnormal behavior, thoughts, and feelings?
Abnormal psychology
What refers to a state of mental/behavioral ill health?
Disorder
Which term refers to finding a collection of symptoms that tend to go together, and not just seeing a single symptom?
Patterns
What does deviant mean in the context of psychological disorders?
Differing from the norm
Which sociological model of mental illness challenges traditional perspectives?
The labeling theory
Who has criticized the DSM for its ever-growing list of psychiatric disorders and overly inclusive symptoms?
Thomas Szasz
What does the DSM-IV provide for the diagnosis of psychological disorders?
Categories and axes for different aspects of a patient's condition
What percentage of the DSM-5 task force members have ties to the pharmaceutical industry?
69%
Who suggests that few mental health professionals embrace mental health as an entity?
William Glasser, M.D.
What is a criticism of the DSM?
It has faced criticism for its ever-growing list of psychiatric disorders and overly inclusive symptoms
What is the DSM-IV?
A manual of mental disorders
What are culture-bound syndromes evident in?
Bulimia nervosa and hikikomori
What does the labeling theory suggest about diagnosis?
It can stigmatize people and lead to discrimination
Who had schizophrenia and substance abuse issues?
Jared Loughner
What does the DSM-IV group psychological disorders into?
Categories and axes for different aspects of a patient's condition
What does the DSM face criticism for including?
Everyday problems in living as mental disorders
Which disorder involves two polar opposite moods: depression and mania?
Bipolar disorder
What is a possible cause of dissociation mentioned in the text?
Sleep deprivation
What is associated with ruminating, learned helplessness, and a depressive explanatory style?
Depression
Which personality disorder does not necessarily equate to criminality?
Antisocial personality disorder
What do brain PET scans show in individuals with bipolar disorder?
Energy consumption fluctuates with emotional swings
What do dissociative disorders involve?
Disruption in integrated functions of identity, consciousness, memory, and perception
What is the former name of dissociative identity disorder (D.I.D.)?
Multiple personality alternative disorder
What is a characteristic of persistent depressive disorder?
Nonspecific symptoms such as changes in body weight
What is a possible consequence of dissociation?
Psychological escape from overwhelming stress
What do personality disorders like histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders have?
Distinct characteristics and behavioral patterns
What is a brain difference in people who commit murder?
Less tissue and activity in the part of the brain that suppresses impulses
What is an example of a dissociative disorder?
Dissociative fugue
What are symptoms of Internet Addiction Disorder?
Preoccupation, inability to control use, using it to escape problems, withdrawal, and excessive use
What are the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Emotional-cognitive and physical symptoms
What does Panic Disorder involve?
Intense dread, physical sensations, and fear of a next attack
What is Specific Phobia characterized by?
An uncontrollable, irrational, intense desire to avoid an object or situation
What is included in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Obsessions and compulsions, causing distress and dysfunction
What are the manifestations of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
Intrusive memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, and anxiety
What are the characteristics of resilience after trauma?
Lingering stress, finding strengths, connection with others, hope, and seeing trauma as a challenge
What is the relationship between mental illness and homelessness?
People who are homeless are more likely to experience mental illness or poor mental health
What was the biggest increase in homelessness attributed to?
Welfare rate reductions and limited investment in social housing in the 1990s
How is Internet Addiction Disorder similar to pathological gambling?
In terms of impulse control
What is a common feature of Mental illness and/or substance abuse problems among the homeless?
Over-representation among the homeless
What is the definition of Resilience after trauma?
Lingering stress, finding strengths, connection with others, hope, and seeing trauma as a challenge
What is a possible explanation for Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.)?
Extreme role-playing and cultural construction
Which symptom is commonly associated with Schizophrenia?
Disorganized speech
What is a common feature of hallucinations in Schizophrenia?
Auditory hallucinations with upsetting content
What can inappropriate emotions in schizophrenia manifest as?
Flat affect and impaired perception of emotions in others
What can result in odd and socially inappropriate behaviors in schizophrenia?
Disorganized thinking, delusions, and hallucinations
At what age does schizophrenia typically develop?
Late adolescence or early adulthood
What are the biological risk factors for schizophrenia?
Low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, and maternal virus during midpregnancy
What does the course of schizophrenia include?
Acute/reactive or chronic, with different symptom presentations and recovery likelihood
What do schizophrenia symptoms consist of?
Positive (presence of problematic behaviors) and negative (absence of healthy behaviors) symptoms
What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?
Nearly 1 in 100 people, slightly more in men than women
What can mental disorders like schizophrenia and D.I.D. arise from?
Interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
What is a possible explanation for Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.)?
Extreme role-playing and cultural construction
Study Notes
Psychological Factors and Stress-Related Illnesses
- Psychophysiological illness is a real illness caused in part by psychological factors such as stress.
- Common stress-associated diseases include diminished immunity, headache, fatigue, weight gain, hypertension, heart disease, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and substance abuse.
- Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) studies the mind-body link and how psychological factors, especially stress, can interfere with the function of the immune system.
- Personality types such as Type A (competitive, impatient) and Type B (easygoing) are linked to stress-related illnesses, with Type A personalities more likely to develop coronary heart disease.
- Stress that leads to elevated blood pressure may result in coronary heart disease due to clogging of the heart's nourishing vessels.
- The concept of Type A personality, coined by cardiologists, is primarily associated with social hostility.
- Emotional inhibition or suppression of hostility can worsen the impact of stress, while emotional venting and confession have been linked to better health outcomes.
- Negative affectivity, characterized by anxiety, depression, and hostility, is associated with elevated cortisol levels and suppressed immunocompetence.
- Pessimistic explanatory style has been related to suppressed immunocompetence and an increased risk of heart disease in adult men.
- Locus of control, the belief in controlling one's fate, influences stress coping strategies, with internal control associated with more effective cognitive coping methods.
- Coping strategies include problem-focused coping (dealing directly with the stressor) and emotion-focused coping (changing one's reaction to the stressor).
- Compensatory Control Theory suggests that religious belief systems can provide an external source of control that substitutes a perceived lack of personal control, as demonstrated in experimental studies.
Understanding Schizophrenia and Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.) involves distinct personalities not present in consciousness at the same time, with varying degrees of awareness of each other.
- Explanations for D.I.D. include extreme role-playing and cultural construction, potentially worsened by therapist encouragement.
- Schizophrenia symptoms include disorganized speech, delusions, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions.
- Schizophrenia commonly involves hallucinations, particularly auditory, with upsetting content.
- Inappropriate emotions in schizophrenia can manifest as flat affect and impaired perception of emotions in others.
- Odd and socially inappropriate behaviors in schizophrenia can result from disorganized thinking, delusions, and hallucinations.
- Schizophrenia symptoms can include repetitive behaviors and catatonia.
- Schizophrenia typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood, with a prevalence of nearly 1 in 100 people, slightly more in men than women.
- The course of schizophrenia can be acute/reactive or chronic, with different symptom presentations and recovery likelihood.
- Schizophrenia symptoms consist of positive (presence of problematic behaviors) and negative (absence of healthy behaviors) symptoms.
- Biological risk factors for schizophrenia include low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, and maternal virus during midpregnancy.
- Mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and D.I.D., can arise from the interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Test your knowledge of the psychological factors contributing to stress-related illnesses with this quiz. Explore concepts such as psychophysiological illness, personality types, coping strategies, and the mind-body link studied in psychoneuroimmunology. Gain insights into how psychological factors, stress, and coping methods can impact physical health.
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