Psychological Etiology of Depression
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Questions and Answers

Which theory of depression proposes that individuals with a pessimistic attributional style are more likely to develop depression?

  • Cognitive theory (correct)
  • Interpersonal theory
  • Biological theory
  • Diathesis-stress model

According to the diathesis-stress model, what is the role of stress in the development of depression?

  • Stress is the sole cause of depression
  • Stress always leads to depression
  • Stress is unrelated to depression
  • Stress triggers the underlying diathesis (correct)

Which of the following is a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression?

  • Self-esteem
  • Optimistic attributional style
  • Cognitive distortions (correct)
  • Hopelessness

What is the primary difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

<p>The hopelessness theory focuses on cognitive distortions, while the helplessness theory focuses on lack of control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for depression?

<p>Cognitive vulnerabilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between independent and dependent stressful life events in the context of MDD?

<p>Independent events are those that an individual has no control over, while dependent events are those that an individual contributes to (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Beck's Cognitive Theory, what is the primary mechanism by which negative interpretations of situations contribute to depression?

<p>They create a self-reinforcing cycle of negative thoughts and emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the idea that certain individuals are more prone to depression due to inherent cognitive or personality vulnerabilities?

<p>Risk-related vulnerability factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a pessimistic attributional style and a realistic observation?

<p>Pessimistic attributional style is characterized by a lack of positivity bias, while realistic observation is characterized by a slight positivity bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the model that suggests that depression results from the interaction between an individual's inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events?

<p>Diathesis-stress model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cortisol in the HPA axis loop in a typical individual?

<p>Inhibit the release of CRH from the hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the cortisol feedback loop in an individual with depression?

<p>The feedback loop is weak and misinterpreted, leading to increased cortisol levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of stressful events in the development of depression in an individual who has had multiple episodes?

<p>Stressful events can trigger a depressive episode, but the depression eventually develops its own cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cortisol's effect on the body's energy resources in a typical individual?

<p>Increased energy release and suppression of inflammatory response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying mechanism that contributes to the development of depression in an individual with cognitive vulnerabilities?

<p>Diathesis-stress model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Hopelessness theory and the Helplessness theory?

<p>Hopelessness theory emphasizes the lack of hope, whereas Helplessness theory does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the diathesis-stress model, what is required for depression to occur in individuals with a pessimistic attributional style?

<p>A single negative life event and a sense of hopelessness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attributional style is most depressogenic, according to the theory?

<p>Internal, Global, and Stable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attributional styles would make an individual more vulnerable to depression if they were to experience a negative life event?

<p>Internal, Global, and Stable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cognitive vulnerability factor in the Hopelessness theory?

<p>Pessimistic attributional style. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of having a pessimistic attributional style?

<p>Increased likelihood of depressed mood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Beck's Cognitive Theory, what is the primary role of critical incidents in depression?

<p>They trigger the formation of dysfunctional beliefs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the diathesis-stress model and the hopelessness theory of depression?

<p>The diathesis-stress model focuses on cognitive vulnerabilities, while hopelessness theory focuses on motivational factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key risk factor for depression, according to the diathesis-stress model?

<p>Cognitive vulnerabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which negative cognitive triad contributes to depression?

<p>It fosters a pessimistic attributional style (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of individuals with a neurotic personality that increases their risk of developing depression?

<p>Being highly sensitive to aversive events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

<p>The hopelessness theory focuses on the role of negative attributions in depression, while the helplessness theory focuses on the role of learned helplessness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the diathesis-stress model explains the development of depression?

<p>The interaction between an individual's inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events leads to a negative attributional style (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for depression that is more common in women than men?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cortisol in the development of depression?

<p>It has a wide-ranging effect on neurotransmitters that contributes to depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of having a pessimistic attributional style after a failed test?

<p>Internal, stable, global pessimistic attributions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to psychoanalytic theory, what is depression a result of?

<p>Anger turned inward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of depressed individuals in terms of their social networks?

<p>They have sparse, unsupportive social networks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of interpersonal deficits in depression?

<p>Alienation from social support networks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for depression?

<p>Sparse social networks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diathesis-stress model?

<p>A model that suggests depression results from the interaction between inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

<p>Hopelessness theory proposes that depression results from a global, stable, and internal attributional style, while helplessness theory proposes that depression results from a specific, unstable, and external attributional style (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression?

<p>Pessimistic attributional style (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of depression proposes that depression results from pessimistic attributional styles?

<p>Cognitive theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of biology in depression according to psychoanalytic theory?

<p>Biology has a minor role in depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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