Psychological Etiology of Depression
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Questions and Answers

Which theory of depression proposes that individuals with a pessimistic attributional style are more likely to develop depression?

  • Cognitive theory (correct)
  • Interpersonal theory
  • Biological theory
  • Diathesis-stress model

    • According to the diathesis-stress model, what is the role of stress in the development of depression?

  • Stress is the sole cause of depression
  • Stress always leads to depression
  • Stress is unrelated to depression
  • Stress triggers the underlying diathesis (correct)

    • Which of the following is a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression?

  • Self-esteem
  • Optimistic attributional style
  • Cognitive distortions (correct)
  • Hopelessness

    • What is the primary difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

    <p>The hopelessness theory focuses on cognitive distortions, while the helplessness theory focuses on lack of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for depression?

    <p>Cognitive vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between independent and dependent stressful life events in the context of MDD?

    <p>Independent events are those that an individual has no control over, while dependent events are those that an individual contributes to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Beck's Cognitive Theory, what is the primary mechanism by which negative interpretations of situations contribute to depression?

    <p>They create a self-reinforcing cycle of negative thoughts and emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the idea that certain individuals are more prone to depression due to inherent cognitive or personality vulnerabilities?

    <p>Risk-related vulnerability factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between a pessimistic attributional style and a realistic observation?

    <p>Pessimistic attributional style is characterized by a lack of positivity bias, while realistic observation is characterized by a slight positivity bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the model that suggests that depression results from the interaction between an individual's inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events?

    <p>Diathesis-stress model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cortisol in the HPA axis loop in a typical individual?

    <p>Inhibit the release of CRH from the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cortisol feedback loop in an individual with depression?

    <p>The feedback loop is weak and misinterpreted, leading to increased cortisol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of stressful events in the development of depression in an individual who has had multiple episodes?

    <p>Stressful events can trigger a depressive episode, but the depression eventually develops its own cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cortisol's effect on the body's energy resources in a typical individual?

    <p>Increased energy release and suppression of inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying mechanism that contributes to the development of depression in an individual with cognitive vulnerabilities?

    <p>Diathesis-stress model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the Hopelessness theory and the Helplessness theory?

    <p>Hopelessness theory emphasizes the lack of hope, whereas Helplessness theory does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the diathesis-stress model, what is required for depression to occur in individuals with a pessimistic attributional style?

    <p>A single negative life event and a sense of hopelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attributional style is most depressogenic, according to the theory?

    <p>Internal, Global, and Stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following attributional styles would make an individual more vulnerable to depression if they were to experience a negative life event?

    <p>Internal, Global, and Stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cognitive vulnerability factor in the Hopelessness theory?

    <p>Pessimistic attributional style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of having a pessimistic attributional style?

    <p>Increased likelihood of depressed mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Beck's Cognitive Theory, what is the primary role of critical incidents in depression?

    <p>They trigger the formation of dysfunctional beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the diathesis-stress model and the hopelessness theory of depression?

    <p>The diathesis-stress model focuses on cognitive vulnerabilities, while hopelessness theory focuses on motivational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key risk factor for depression, according to the diathesis-stress model?

    <p>Cognitive vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which negative cognitive triad contributes to depression?

    <p>It fosters a pessimistic attributional style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of individuals with a neurotic personality that increases their risk of developing depression?

    <p>Being highly sensitive to aversive events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

    <p>The hopelessness theory focuses on the role of negative attributions in depression, while the helplessness theory focuses on the role of learned helplessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the diathesis-stress model explains the development of depression?

    <p>The interaction between an individual's inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events leads to a negative attributional style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for depression that is more common in women than men?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cortisol in the development of depression?

    <p>It has a wide-ranging effect on neurotransmitters that contributes to depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome of having a pessimistic attributional style after a failed test?

    <p>Internal, stable, global pessimistic attributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to psychoanalytic theory, what is depression a result of?

    <p>Anger turned inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of depressed individuals in terms of their social networks?

    <p>They have sparse, unsupportive social networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of interpersonal deficits in depression?

    <p>Alienation from social support networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for depression?

    <p>Sparse social networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diathesis-stress model?

    <p>A model that suggests depression results from the interaction between inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

    <p>Hopelessness theory proposes that depression results from a global, stable, and internal attributional style, while helplessness theory proposes that depression results from a specific, unstable, and external attributional style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression?

    <p>Pessimistic attributional style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of depression proposes that depression results from pessimistic attributional styles?

    <p>Cognitive theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of biology in depression according to psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>Biology has a minor role in depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

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