Psychological Etiology of Depression

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Which theory of depression proposes that individuals with a pessimistic attributional style are more likely to develop depression?

Cognitive theory (correct)

Interpersonal theory

Biological theory

Diathesis-stress model

According to the diathesis-stress model, what is the role of stress in the development of depression?

Stress is the sole cause of depression

Stress always leads to depression

Stress is unrelated to depression

Stress triggers the underlying diathesis (correct)

Which of the following is a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression?

Self-esteem

Optimistic attributional style

Cognitive distortions (correct)

Hopelessness

What is the primary difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

The hopelessness theory focuses on cognitive distortions, while the helplessness theory focuses on lack of control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for depression?

Cognitive vulnerabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between independent and dependent stressful life events in the context of MDD?

Independent events are those that an individual has no control over, while dependent events are those that an individual contributes to Signup and view all the answers

According to Beck's Cognitive Theory, what is the primary mechanism by which negative interpretations of situations contribute to depression?

They create a self-reinforcing cycle of negative thoughts and emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the idea that certain individuals are more prone to depression due to inherent cognitive or personality vulnerabilities?

Risk-related vulnerability factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a pessimistic attributional style and a realistic observation?

Pessimistic attributional style is characterized by a lack of positivity bias, while realistic observation is characterized by a slight positivity bias Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the model that suggests that depression results from the interaction between an individual's inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events?

Diathesis-stress model Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cortisol in the HPA axis loop in a typical individual?

Inhibit the release of CRH from the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the cortisol feedback loop in an individual with depression?

The feedback loop is weak and misinterpreted, leading to increased cortisol levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of stressful events in the development of depression in an individual who has had multiple episodes?

Stressful events can trigger a depressive episode, but the depression eventually develops its own cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cortisol's effect on the body's energy resources in a typical individual?

Increased energy release and suppression of inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying mechanism that contributes to the development of depression in an individual with cognitive vulnerabilities?

Diathesis-stress model Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Hopelessness theory and the Helplessness theory?

Hopelessness theory emphasizes the lack of hope, whereas Helplessness theory does not. Signup and view all the answers

According to the diathesis-stress model, what is required for depression to occur in individuals with a pessimistic attributional style?

A single negative life event and a sense of hopelessness. Signup and view all the answers

What type of attributional style is most depressogenic, according to the theory?

Internal, Global, and Stable. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attributional styles would make an individual more vulnerable to depression if they were to experience a negative life event?

Internal, Global, and Stable. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cognitive vulnerability factor in the Hopelessness theory?

Pessimistic attributional style. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of having a pessimistic attributional style?

Increased likelihood of depressed mood Signup and view all the answers

According to Beck's Cognitive Theory, what is the primary role of critical incidents in depression?

They trigger the formation of dysfunctional beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the diathesis-stress model and the hopelessness theory of depression?

The diathesis-stress model focuses on cognitive vulnerabilities, while hopelessness theory focuses on motivational factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a key risk factor for depression, according to the diathesis-stress model?

Cognitive vulnerabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which negative cognitive triad contributes to depression?

It fosters a pessimistic attributional style Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of individuals with a neurotic personality that increases their risk of developing depression?

Being highly sensitive to aversive events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

The hopelessness theory focuses on the role of negative attributions in depression, while the helplessness theory focuses on the role of learned helplessness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the diathesis-stress model explains the development of depression?

The interaction between an individual's inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events leads to a negative attributional style Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for depression that is more common in women than men?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cortisol in the development of depression?

It has a wide-ranging effect on neurotransmitters that contributes to depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of having a pessimistic attributional style after a failed test?

Internal, stable, global pessimistic attributions Signup and view all the answers

According to psychoanalytic theory, what is depression a result of?

Anger turned inward Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of depressed individuals in terms of their social networks?

They have sparse, unsupportive social networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of interpersonal deficits in depression?

Alienation from social support networks Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for depression?

Sparse social networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A model that suggests depression results from the interaction between inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

Hopelessness theory proposes that depression results from a global, stable, and internal attributional style, while helplessness theory proposes that depression results from a specific, unstable, and external attributional style Signup and view all the answers

What is a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression?

Pessimistic attributional style Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of depression proposes that depression results from pessimistic attributional styles?

Cognitive theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of biology in depression according to psychoanalytic theory?

Biology has a minor role in depression Signup and view all the answers

Psychological Etiology of Depression

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Questions and Answers

Which theory of depression proposes that individuals with a pessimistic attributional style are more likely to develop depression?

According to the diathesis-stress model, what is the role of stress in the development of depression?

Which of the following is a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression?

What is the primary difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

Which of the following is a risk factor for depression?

What is the primary difference between independent and dependent stressful life events in the context of MDD?

According to Beck's Cognitive Theory, what is the primary mechanism by which negative interpretations of situations contribute to depression?

What is the term for the idea that certain individuals are more prone to depression due to inherent cognitive or personality vulnerabilities?

What is the key difference between a pessimistic attributional style and a realistic observation?

What is the term for the model that suggests that depression results from the interaction between an individual's inherent vulnerabilities and stressful life events?

What is the primary function of cortisol in the HPA axis loop in a typical individual?

What is the characteristic of the cortisol feedback loop in an individual with depression?

What is the role of stressful events in the development of depression in an individual who has had multiple episodes?

What is the result of cortisol's effect on the body's energy resources in a typical individual?

What is the underlying mechanism that contributes to the development of depression in an individual with cognitive vulnerabilities?

What is the main difference between the Hopelessness theory and the Helplessness theory?

According to the diathesis-stress model, what is required for depression to occur in individuals with a pessimistic attributional style?

What type of attributional style is most depressogenic, according to the theory?

Which of the following attributional styles would make an individual more vulnerable to depression if they were to experience a negative life event?

What is the primary cognitive vulnerability factor in the Hopelessness theory?

What is the primary result of having a pessimistic attributional style?

According to Beck's Cognitive Theory, what is the primary role of critical incidents in depression?

What is the primary difference between the diathesis-stress model and the hopelessness theory of depression?

What is a key risk factor for depression, according to the diathesis-stress model?

What is the primary mechanism by which negative cognitive triad contributes to depression?

What is the primary characteristic of individuals with a neurotic personality that increases their risk of developing depression?

Which of the following best describes the difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

What is the primary mechanism by which the diathesis-stress model explains the development of depression?

Which of the following is a risk factor for depression that is more common in women than men?

What is the primary role of cortisol in the development of depression?

What is the likely outcome of having a pessimistic attributional style after a failed test?

According to psychoanalytic theory, what is depression a result of?

Which of the following is a characteristic of depressed individuals in terms of their social networks?

What is the result of interpersonal deficits in depression?

What is a risk factor for depression?

What is the diathesis-stress model?

What is the primary difference between the hopelessness theory and the helplessness theory of depression?

What is a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression?

Which theory of depression proposes that depression results from pessimistic attributional styles?

What is the role of biology in depression according to psychoanalytic theory?

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