Podcast
Questions and Answers
Mental disorders are patterns of ______, thought, or emotion that are significantly deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional.
Mental disorders are patterns of ______, thought, or emotion that are significantly deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional.
behavior
What are the two main criteria for a diagnosis according to DSM-5-TR?
What are the two main criteria for a diagnosis according to DSM-5-TR?
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is more prevalent in women than in men.
Schizophrenia is more prevalent in women than in men.
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What are two primary neurobiological factors associated with schizophrenia?
What are two primary neurobiological factors associated with schizophrenia?
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Major depressive disorder is characterized by symptoms lasting at least two weeks.
Major depressive disorder is characterized by symptoms lasting at least two weeks.
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What are the two main types of bipolar disorder?
What are the two main types of bipolar disorder?
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Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, ______ panic attacks.
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, ______ panic attacks.
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What is the primary neurobiological basis of panic disorder?
What is the primary neurobiological basis of panic disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT a true statement about specific phobias?
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about specific phobias?
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Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations.
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations.
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What are the two main components of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
What are the two main components of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
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Antipsychotics are effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Antipsychotics are effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Which of the following types of medication is NOT typically used for treating mood disorders?
Which of the following types of medication is NOT typically used for treating mood disorders?
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ECT is a highly invasive procedure that is rarely used for treating severe depression.
ECT is a highly invasive procedure that is rarely used for treating severe depression.
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What are two key components of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
What are two key components of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
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Humanistic therapy focuses on achieving congruence between the ideal self and the real self.
Humanistic therapy focuses on achieving congruence between the ideal self and the real self.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of Freud's structural model of personality?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Freud's structural model of personality?
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The Big Five Model of personality includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, ______, and Neuroticism.
The Big Five Model of personality includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, ______, and Neuroticism.
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Which of the following is an example of a projective test?
Which of the following is an example of a projective test?
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Reciprocal determinism suggests that personality influences environmental factors.
Reciprocal determinism suggests that personality influences environmental factors.
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Which of the following is characterized by a focus on interconnectedness and group harmony?
Which of the following is characterized by a focus on interconnectedness and group harmony?
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Study Notes
Psychological Disorders
- Mental disorders involve patterns of behavior, thought, or emotion that are significantly unusual, distressing, and disruptive.
- DSM-5-TR categorizes diagnoses based on symptom clusters, considering cultural nuances to avoid misdiagnosis.
Key Disorders
Schizophrenia
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Symptoms:
- Positive: Hallucinations (e.g., auditory voices), delusions (e.g., persecutory), disorganized speech and behavior.
- Negative: Affective flattening (reduced emotional expression), anhedonia (loss of pleasure), social withdrawal.
- Cognitive deficits: Impaired attention, memory, and executive functioning.
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Etiology:
- Genetic predisposition (high concordance rates in identical twins).
- Neurochemical imbalances (excess dopamine activity in mesolimbic pathways, reduced dopamine in prefrontal regions).
- Neuroanatomical changes (enlarged ventricles, hypofrontality).
- Prevalence: Affects about 1% of the population, typically starting in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
- Symptoms: Depressed mood, anhedonia (loss of pleasure), lasting at least two weeks.
- Biological correlates: Low serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels; hyperactive HPA axis.
- Psychological factors: Negative attributional style, learned helplessness.
- Sociocultural influences: Potentially higher prevalence in women due to social roles and hormonal differences.
Bipolar Disorder
- Bipolar I: Full manic episodes.
- Bipolar II: Hypomanic episodes with depressive episodes.
Anxiety Disorders
- Panic Disorder: Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with severe physical symptoms (e.g., palpitations).
- Specific Phobias: Intense, irrational fear of a specific stimulus (e.g., spiders, heights).
- Social Anxiety Disorder: Persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations, with cultural variations like "taijin kyofusho".
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Obsessions: Repetitive, intrusive thoughts.
- Compulsions: Ritualistic behaviors to reduce anxiety.
- Biological basis: Dysfunction in cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits; increased frontal lobe activity.
Treatments
- Biological Treatments: Medications (Antipsychotics, Mood Stabilizers, Antidepressants), brain stimulation techniques (ECT, TMS, DBS).
- Psychotherapies: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy.
Personality
- Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's structural model (id, ego, superego), defense mechanisms (repression, projection).
- Trait Theories: Focus on specific personality traits (the Big Five model: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism).
Assessment
- Objective Tests: MMPI, NEO Personality Inventory.
- Projective Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
- Cultural and Environmental Influences: Individualistic vs. collectivist cultures, Reciprocal determinism.
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Description
Explore the complexities of schizophrenia, a key mental disorder characterized by unique patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. Learn about its symptoms, etiology, and prevalence as categorized by the DSM-5-TR, while considering the impact of genetic and neurochemical factors.