Podcast
Questions and Answers
Mental disorders are patterns of ______, thought, or emotion that are significantly deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional.
Mental disorders are patterns of ______, thought, or emotion that are significantly deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional.
behavior
What are the two main criteria for a diagnosis according to DSM-5-TR?
What are the two main criteria for a diagnosis according to DSM-5-TR?
- Clinically significant distress or impairment and cultural considerations (correct)
- Significant deviant behavior and distressing emotions
- Cultural considerations and dysfunctional thought patterns
- Dysfunctional thoughts and patterns of behavior
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
- Delusions
- Anhedonia (correct)
- Disorganized speech
- Hallucinations
Schizophrenia is more prevalent in women than in men.
Schizophrenia is more prevalent in women than in men.
What are two primary neurobiological factors associated with schizophrenia?
What are two primary neurobiological factors associated with schizophrenia?
Major depressive disorder is characterized by symptoms lasting at least two weeks.
Major depressive disorder is characterized by symptoms lasting at least two weeks.
What are the two main types of bipolar disorder?
What are the two main types of bipolar disorder?
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, ______ panic attacks.
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, ______ panic attacks.
What is the primary neurobiological basis of panic disorder?
What is the primary neurobiological basis of panic disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about specific phobias?
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about specific phobias?
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations.
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations.
What are the two main components of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
What are the two main components of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Antipsychotics are effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Antipsychotics are effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Which of the following types of medication is NOT typically used for treating mood disorders?
Which of the following types of medication is NOT typically used for treating mood disorders?
ECT is a highly invasive procedure that is rarely used for treating severe depression.
ECT is a highly invasive procedure that is rarely used for treating severe depression.
What are two key components of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
What are two key components of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
Humanistic therapy focuses on achieving congruence between the ideal self and the real self.
Humanistic therapy focuses on achieving congruence between the ideal self and the real self.
Which of the following is NOT a component of Freud's structural model of personality?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Freud's structural model of personality?
The Big Five Model of personality includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, ______, and Neuroticism.
The Big Five Model of personality includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, ______, and Neuroticism.
Which of the following is an example of a projective test?
Which of the following is an example of a projective test?
Reciprocal determinism suggests that personality influences environmental factors.
Reciprocal determinism suggests that personality influences environmental factors.
Which of the following is characterized by a focus on interconnectedness and group harmony?
Which of the following is characterized by a focus on interconnectedness and group harmony?
Flashcards
Mental Disorders
Mental Disorders
Patterns of behavior, thought, or emotion that are significantly deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional.
DSM-5-TR
DSM-5-TR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text Revision; used for diagnosing mental disorders.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
A severe mental disorder characterized by positive, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits.
Positive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)
Positive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)
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Negative Symptoms (Schizophrenia)
Negative Symptoms (Schizophrenia)
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Cognitive Deficits (Schizophrenia)
Cognitive Deficits (Schizophrenia)
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Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
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Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
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Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder
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Specific Phobias
Specific Phobias
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Antipsychotics
Antipsychotics
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Antidepressants
Antidepressants
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Mood Stabilizers
Mood Stabilizers
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Humanistic Therapy
Humanistic Therapy
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Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
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Psychodynamic Theories
Psychodynamic Theories
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Id
Id
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Ego
Ego
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Superego
Superego
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Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
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Study Notes
Psychological Disorders
- Mental disorders involve patterns of behavior, thought, or emotion that are significantly unusual, distressing, and disruptive.
- DSM-5-TR categorizes diagnoses based on symptom clusters, considering cultural nuances to avoid misdiagnosis.
Key Disorders
Schizophrenia
- Symptoms:
- Positive: Hallucinations (e.g., auditory voices), delusions (e.g., persecutory), disorganized speech and behavior.
- Negative: Affective flattening (reduced emotional expression), anhedonia (loss of pleasure), social withdrawal.
- Cognitive deficits: Impaired attention, memory, and executive functioning.
- Etiology:
- Genetic predisposition (high concordance rates in identical twins).
- Neurochemical imbalances (excess dopamine activity in mesolimbic pathways, reduced dopamine in prefrontal regions).
- Neuroanatomical changes (enlarged ventricles, hypofrontality).
- Prevalence: Affects about 1% of the population, typically starting in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
- Symptoms: Depressed mood, anhedonia (loss of pleasure), lasting at least two weeks.
- Biological correlates: Low serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels; hyperactive HPA axis.
- Psychological factors: Negative attributional style, learned helplessness.
- Sociocultural influences: Potentially higher prevalence in women due to social roles and hormonal differences.
Bipolar Disorder
- Bipolar I: Full manic episodes.
- Bipolar II: Hypomanic episodes with depressive episodes.
Anxiety Disorders
- Panic Disorder: Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with severe physical symptoms (e.g., palpitations).
- Specific Phobias: Intense, irrational fear of a specific stimulus (e.g., spiders, heights).
- Social Anxiety Disorder: Persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations, with cultural variations like "taijin kyofusho".
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Obsessions: Repetitive, intrusive thoughts.
- Compulsions: Ritualistic behaviors to reduce anxiety.
- Biological basis: Dysfunction in cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits; increased frontal lobe activity.
Treatments
- Biological Treatments: Medications (Antipsychotics, Mood Stabilizers, Antidepressants), brain stimulation techniques (ECT, TMS, DBS).
- Psychotherapies: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy.
Personality
- Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's structural model (id, ego, superego), defense mechanisms (repression, projection).
- Trait Theories: Focus on specific personality traits (the Big Five model: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism).
Assessment
- Objective Tests: MMPI, NEO Personality Inventory.
- Projective Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
- Cultural and Environmental Influences: Individualistic vs. collectivist cultures, Reciprocal determinism.
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Description
Explore the complexities of schizophrenia, a key mental disorder characterized by unique patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. Learn about its symptoms, etiology, and prevalence as categorized by the DSM-5-TR, while considering the impact of genetic and neurochemical factors.
