Psychological Disorders - Schizophrenia Overview
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Questions and Answers

Mental disorders are patterns of ______, thought, or emotion that are significantly deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional.

behavior

What are the two main criteria for a diagnosis according to DSM-5-TR?

  • Clinically significant distress or impairment and cultural considerations (correct)
  • Significant deviant behavior and distressing emotions
  • Cultural considerations and dysfunctional thought patterns
  • Dysfunctional thoughts and patterns of behavior
  • Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

  • Delusions
  • Anhedonia (correct)
  • Disorganized speech
  • Hallucinations
  • Schizophrenia is more prevalent in women than in men.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two primary neurobiological factors associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Excess dopamine activity in mesolimbic pathways and reduced dopamine in prefrontal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Major depressive disorder is characterized by symptoms lasting at least two weeks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of bipolar disorder?

    <p>Bipolar I and Bipolar II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, ______ panic attacks.

    <p>unexpected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurobiological basis of panic disorder?

    <p>Overactivation of the fear network (amygdala, brainstem) with insufficient inhibition from the prefrontal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a true statement about specific phobias?

    <p>They are typically treated with medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

    <p>Obsessions and compulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antipsychotics are effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of medication is NOT typically used for treating mood disorders?

    <p>Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ECT is a highly invasive procedure that is rarely used for treating severe depression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two key components of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?

    <p>Addressing dysfunctional thought patterns and using behavioral techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humanistic therapy focuses on achieving congruence between the ideal self and the real self.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of Freud's structural model of personality?

    <p>Personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Big Five Model of personality includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, ______, and Neuroticism.

    <p>Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a projective test?

    <p>Rorschach Inkblot Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reciprocal determinism suggests that personality influences environmental factors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characterized by a focus on interconnectedness and group harmony?

    <p>Collectivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychological Disorders

    • Mental disorders involve patterns of behavior, thought, or emotion that are significantly unusual, distressing, and disruptive.
    • DSM-5-TR categorizes diagnoses based on symptom clusters, considering cultural nuances to avoid misdiagnosis.

    Key Disorders

    Schizophrenia

    • Symptoms:
      • Positive: Hallucinations (e.g., auditory voices), delusions (e.g., persecutory), disorganized speech and behavior.
      • Negative: Affective flattening (reduced emotional expression), anhedonia (loss of pleasure), social withdrawal.
      • Cognitive deficits: Impaired attention, memory, and executive functioning.
    • Etiology:
      • Genetic predisposition (high concordance rates in identical twins).
      • Neurochemical imbalances (excess dopamine activity in mesolimbic pathways, reduced dopamine in prefrontal regions).
      • Neuroanatomical changes (enlarged ventricles, hypofrontality).
      • Prevalence: Affects about 1% of the population, typically starting in late adolescence or early adulthood.

    Mood Disorders

    Major Depressive Disorder
    • Symptoms: Depressed mood, anhedonia (loss of pleasure), lasting at least two weeks.
    • Biological correlates: Low serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels; hyperactive HPA axis.
    • Psychological factors: Negative attributional style, learned helplessness.
    • Sociocultural influences: Potentially higher prevalence in women due to social roles and hormonal differences.
    Bipolar Disorder
    • Bipolar I: Full manic episodes.
    • Bipolar II: Hypomanic episodes with depressive episodes.

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Panic Disorder: Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with severe physical symptoms (e.g., palpitations).
    • Specific Phobias: Intense, irrational fear of a specific stimulus (e.g., spiders, heights).
    • Social Anxiety Disorder: Persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations, with cultural variations like "taijin kyofusho".

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

    • Obsessions: Repetitive, intrusive thoughts.
    • Compulsions: Ritualistic behaviors to reduce anxiety.
    • Biological basis: Dysfunction in cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits; increased frontal lobe activity.

    Treatments

    • Biological Treatments: Medications (Antipsychotics, Mood Stabilizers, Antidepressants), brain stimulation techniques (ECT, TMS, DBS).
    • Psychotherapies: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy.

    Personality

    • Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's structural model (id, ego, superego), defense mechanisms (repression, projection).
    • Trait Theories: Focus on specific personality traits (the Big Five model: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism).

    Assessment

    • Objective Tests: MMPI, NEO Personality Inventory.
    • Projective Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
    • Cultural and Environmental Influences: Individualistic vs. collectivist cultures, Reciprocal determinism.

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    Description

    Explore the complexities of schizophrenia, a key mental disorder characterized by unique patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. Learn about its symptoms, etiology, and prevalence as categorized by the DSM-5-TR, while considering the impact of genetic and neurochemical factors.

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