Khan Psychology p 161-170 Chapter on Schizophrenia and Dissociation

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Questions and Answers

What is delusion of control characterized by?

Belief in the ability to read minds

Belief that one has superhuman abilities

Belief that one can control others' thoughts

Belief that one's thoughts are manipulated by external forces (correct)

Which of the following is NOT considered a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?

Lack of emotional expression (correct)

Poor memory

Difficulty understanding

Disorganized thinking

What does 'avolition' refer to in the context of schizophrenia?

Lack of interest in social interactions

Reduced ability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behavior (correct)

Inability to express emotions

Difficulty understanding abstract concepts

Which symptom represents an emotional abnormality often found in schizophrenia?

Affective flattening Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Thought insertion Signup and view all the answers

What difficulty is associated with alogia in individuals with schizophrenia?

Inability to produce fluent speech Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

Thought broadcasting Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characterized by poor concentration and slow thinking?

Cognitive symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of PTSD symptoms?

Symptoms persist for more than 4 weeks after an event. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes repressed memories?

Memories blocked unconsciously due to trauma. Signup and view all the answers

Which acronym represents the key components of trauma in PTSD?

TRAUMA Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the spontaneous recovery of repressed memories according to some beliefs?

Certain sensory identifiers like smells or tastes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Dissociative Identity Disorder is accurate?

Each identity has its own mannerisms and emotional responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor influencing individuals who experience Dissociative Identity Disorder?

A background of childhood trauma or extreme stressors. Signup and view all the answers

How do some psychologists view the recovery of repressed memories during therapy?

As a way to create false memories through suggestion. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes one identity from another in Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Identities have unique emotional responses and mannerisms. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes phobias?

Focused anxiety often leading to avoidance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a key feature of OCD?

Persistent intrusive thoughts accompanied by repetitive actions Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social phobia, individuals may avoid which of the following?

Judgment in social situations Signup and view all the answers

What typically triggers an episode of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

Memories of a past traumatic event Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom associated with OCD?

Intense need for symmetry and order Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals typically cope with their phobias?

By completely avoiding the source of fear Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common compulsion observed in OCD?

Socializing with a large group Signup and view all the answers

What is a common impact of PTSD on an individual's life?

Lingering memories and nightmares about past events Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger dissociative identity disorder (DID) in an individual?

Extreme stress Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the locus coeruleus?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Why is dissociative identity disorder considered extremely rare?

Is largely unrecognized globally Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is known to increase the level of monoamines in the synapse?

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of somatic symptom disorders?

Mental symptoms manifesting as physical issues Signup and view all the answers

How do mental disorders influence physical health?

They can exacerbate existing physical conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anxiety disorder is characterized by a continuous high level of anxiety lasting for six months or more?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What may be a potential contributor to major depressive disorder alongside genetics?

Childhood abuse Signup and view all the answers

What criticism exists regarding the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder?

It can be influenced by leading questions from therapists. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?

Euphoria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of somatic symptom disorders?

Regular headaches with a known cause Signup and view all the answers

What could be a very plausible explanation for a person claiming to have DID?

Role-playing and social constructs Signup and view all the answers

What role do neuroplasticity abnormalities play in major depressive disorder?

They appear abnormal but their role is unclear. Signup and view all the answers

In panic disorders, what triggers 'panic attacks'?

Sudden intense feelings without clear cause Signup and view all the answers

What is an important criterion for a diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder?

A symptom not explained by a physical condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anxiety disorders and depressive symptoms?

Anxiety commonly coexists with depression. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is indicative of someone with Schizoid personality disorder?

Emotionally detached in relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of Histrionic personality disorder?

Seeking attention and displaying emotions outwardly Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is most associated with Borderline personality disorder?

Unstable relationships and emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe individuals in Dependent personality disorder?

Submissive and clingy Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is primarily characterized by a need for perfection and control?

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) Signup and view all the answers

Antisocial personality disorder is best described by which of the following features?

Engagement in illegal activities with lack of remorse Signup and view all the answers

What primary symptom does Schizotypal personality disorder exhibit?

Odd beliefs and magical thinking Signup and view all the answers

Central Sleep Apnea is primarily caused by issues related to which system?

Brain and central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Delusions of Control

Belief one's thoughts or actions controlled by outside forces
Examples: thought broadcasting, thought insertion, thought withdrawal

Schizophrenia Symptoms

3 Categories: cognitive, positive, negative
Cognitive: abnormalities in attention, organization, planning, slow thinking, difficulty understanding, poor concentration, poor memory, difficulty integrating thoughts, feelings, and behavior
Negative: blunted emotions, lack of enjoyment; emotional abnormalities refer to the absence of normal behaviors
- Lack of emotional expression: inexpressive face, flat voice, lack of eye contact, blank or restricted facial expressions
- Affective flattening: reduction in range and intensity of emotional expression
- Lack of interest or enthusiasm: problems with motivation, lack of self-care; avolition
Positive: hallucinations, delusions (characteristic of psychotic disorders like schizophrenia), perceptual abnormalities

Catatonic Schizophrenia

Extreme behavioral extremes
One end: dramatic reduction in activity, where virtually all movement stops (catatonic stupor)

Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities

Fluid-filled brain regions enlarged due to less tissue.
Decreased size in frontal and temporal lobes (cognitive and perceptual functions are abnormal in schizophrenia)
Disorganization and thinning of cortical layers in frontal and temporal lobes.
Abnormal brain development likely involves abnormal dopamine levels (which affect cognitive, emotional, and perceptual function)

Biological Basis of Depression

Major cause of distress, disability, and death from suicide
Depressive mood characterized by feelings of hopelessness, loss of interest
Limited understanding of the cause of major depressive disorder
Possible functional abnormalities in the brain; abnormalities in activity in frontal lobe and limbic structures (increased/decreased correlated with stress)

Anxiety Disorders

Includes Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Anxiety Disorder Characteristics

Describes someone with a general state of tension and unease affecting their life
Anxiety must last for at least 6 months
Physical symptoms like eyelids twitching, trembling, fidgeting
Unclear source of anxiety
Unable to prevent/control anxiety

Panic Disorders

Sudden bursts of sheer panic and intense fear, accompanied by various physical symptoms (panic attacks).
Panic attacks often occur in response to stimuli that don't warrant that level of stress.

Phobias

Irrational fear of specific objects or situations
Examples: snakes, leaving the home, social situations

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Characterized by repetitive and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions).
Obsessions: unwanted repetitive thoughts, ex. continually watching your hands.
Compulsions: unwanted repetitive actions
Interfere with everyday life

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Characterized by lingering memories and nightmares after a traumatic event, impacting daily life.
Symptoms generally last over 4 weeks after the event.
Trigger might be a trauma such as accidents, violence, or war
Symptoms: nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance of reminders, arousal (increased heart rate, etc.)

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Two or more distinct identities/personalities existing within a single body
Each identity has unique mannerisms, emotions, and physical changes
Often caused by extreme life stress, such as child abuse.
Controversial whether it's a disorder or a social construct
Symptoms: denial of other personalities

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Mental disorders that manifest in physical symptoms that cause functional impairments.
Pain, fatigue, or other physical symptoms despite lack of a medical cause.
May or may not be related to a physical condition
Functional impairments: stopping people from going to school, or from enjoying life. Worrying/stress about symptoms all the time.
Examples: conversion disorder, illness anxiety disorder

Sleep Disorders

Problems occur in the brain, upper airways, or lungs.
Central sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, or hypoventilation disorder.
- Central sleep apnea: the brain's respiratory control system problems
- Obstructive sleep apnea: blocks airflow from mouth to lungs (common)
- Hypoventilation disorder: difficulty fully removing carbon dioxide from lungs (related to obesity, medication)

Alzheimer's Disease

Cognitive and memory loss
Atrophy of brain tissue, decrease in size of cerebrum
Symptoms worsening over time; loss of neurons, plaques (amyloid), and tangles (neurofibrillary tangles) likely contribute to the cause of the disease

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts related to schizophrenia, PTSD, and Dissociative Identity Disorder. This quiz covers symptoms, cognitive functions, and emotional abnormalities encountered in these mental health conditions. Evaluate your knowledge and grasp of important psychological terms and theories.