Khan Psychology p 161-170 Chapter on Schizophrenia and Dissociation
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Questions and Answers

What is delusion of control characterized by?

  • Belief in the ability to read minds
  • Belief that one has superhuman abilities
  • Belief that one can control others' thoughts
  • Belief that one's thoughts are manipulated by external forces (correct)

Which of the following is NOT considered a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?

  • Lack of emotional expression (correct)
  • Poor memory
  • Difficulty understanding
  • Disorganized thinking

What does 'avolition' refer to in the context of schizophrenia?

  • Lack of interest in social interactions
  • Reduced ability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behavior (correct)
  • Inability to express emotions
  • Difficulty understanding abstract concepts

Which symptom represents an emotional abnormality often found in schizophrenia?

<p>Affective flattening (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common negative symptom of schizophrenia?

<p>Thought insertion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What difficulty is associated with alogia in individuals with schizophrenia?

<p>Inability to produce fluent speech (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

<p>Thought broadcasting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characterized by poor concentration and slow thinking?

<p>Cognitive symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of PTSD symptoms?

<p>Symptoms persist for more than 4 weeks after an event. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes repressed memories?

<p>Memories blocked unconsciously due to trauma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acronym represents the key components of trauma in PTSD?

<p>TRAUMA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the spontaneous recovery of repressed memories according to some beliefs?

<p>Certain sensory identifiers like smells or tastes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Dissociative Identity Disorder is accurate?

<p>Each identity has its own mannerisms and emotional responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor influencing individuals who experience Dissociative Identity Disorder?

<p>A background of childhood trauma or extreme stressors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do some psychologists view the recovery of repressed memories during therapy?

<p>As a way to create false memories through suggestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes one identity from another in Dissociative Identity Disorder?

<p>Identities have unique emotional responses and mannerisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes phobias?

<p>Focused anxiety often leading to avoidance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a key feature of OCD?

<p>Persistent intrusive thoughts accompanied by repetitive actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social phobia, individuals may avoid which of the following?

<p>Judgment in social situations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically triggers an episode of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

<p>Memories of a past traumatic event (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom associated with OCD?

<p>Intense need for symmetry and order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals typically cope with their phobias?

<p>By completely avoiding the source of fear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common compulsion observed in OCD?

<p>Socializing with a large group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common impact of PTSD on an individual's life?

<p>Lingering memories and nightmares about past events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger dissociative identity disorder (DID) in an individual?

<p>Extreme stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the locus coeruleus?

<p>Norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is dissociative identity disorder considered extremely rare?

<p>Is largely unrecognized globally (A), Is portrayed inaccurately in media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is known to increase the level of monoamines in the synapse?

<p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of somatic symptom disorders?

<p>Mental symptoms manifesting as physical issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mental disorders influence physical health?

<p>They can exacerbate existing physical conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anxiety disorder is characterized by a continuous high level of anxiety lasting for six months or more?

<p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be a potential contributor to major depressive disorder alongside genetics?

<p>Childhood abuse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism exists regarding the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder?

<p>It can be influenced by leading questions from therapists. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?

<p>Euphoria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of somatic symptom disorders?

<p>Regular headaches with a known cause (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a very plausible explanation for a person claiming to have DID?

<p>Role-playing and social constructs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neuroplasticity abnormalities play in major depressive disorder?

<p>They appear abnormal but their role is unclear. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In panic disorders, what triggers 'panic attacks'?

<p>Sudden intense feelings without clear cause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important criterion for a diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder?

<p>A symptom not explained by a physical condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anxiety disorders and depressive symptoms?

<p>Anxiety commonly coexists with depression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is indicative of someone with Schizoid personality disorder?

<p>Emotionally detached in relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of Histrionic personality disorder?

<p>Seeking attention and displaying emotions outwardly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is most associated with Borderline personality disorder?

<p>Unstable relationships and emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe individuals in Dependent personality disorder?

<p>Submissive and clingy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is primarily characterized by a need for perfection and control?

<p>Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antisocial personality disorder is best described by which of the following features?

<p>Engagement in illegal activities with lack of remorse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary symptom does Schizotypal personality disorder exhibit?

<p>Odd beliefs and magical thinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Central Sleep Apnea is primarily caused by issues related to which system?

<p>Brain and central nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Delusions of control

Belief that one's thoughts or actions are being controlled by external forces.

Thought broadcasting

The belief that one's thoughts are being transmitted to others.

Thought insertion

The belief that someone is planting thoughts in one's head.

Thought withdrawal

The belief that someone is stealing one's thoughts.

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Affective flattening

Reduced range and intensity of emotional expression, including facial expressions, voice tone, and eye contact.

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Avolition

The reduction, difficulty, or inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behavior.

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Alogia

The lessening of speech fluency and productivity, often manifested as short, empty replies.

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Negative symptoms

A category of schizophrenia symptoms characterized by a decrease of normal behaviors.

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Locus coeruleus

A brain region located in the brainstem that releases norepinephrine and plays a role in stress response, alertness, and attention.

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Dopamine

A primary neurotransmitter involved in motivation, reward, and pleasure. It is associated with feelings of satisfaction and goal-directed behavior.

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Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A group of brain regions involved in motivation, reward, and learning. It's especially associated with releasing dopamine.

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Raphe Nuclei

A brain region that plays a key role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and other important functions. It releases serotonin.

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Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects mood, sleep, appetite, and cognition. It is linked to feelings of well-being and happiness.

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A disorder characterized by ongoing excessive worry and tension. It can cause physical symptoms like trembling and difficulty sleeping.

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Panic disorder

A disorder characterized by sudden episodes of intense fear and physical symptoms, such as heart palpitations and shortness of breath.

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Neuroplasticity

The ability of the brain to change in response to experience, including learning, memory, and adaptation to new situations. It's thought to be involved in a wide range of mental health disorders.

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Phobia

An intense and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.

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Social Phobia

A type of phobia characterized by a fear of social situations, such as public speaking or interacting with others.

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Obsessions

Unwanted, repetitive thoughts that intrude into a person's mind.

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Compulsions

Unwanted, repetitive behaviors that a person feels compelled to perform.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A mental health disorder triggered by a traumatic event, causing distressing memories, nightmares, and avoidance behaviors.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by persistent obsessions and compulsions that significantly interfere with daily life.

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Trigger

A trigger or event that leads to a specific reaction or symptom, such as a flashback or panic attack.

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Trauma

A psychological response to an event that involves intense fear, helplessness, or horror.

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Repressed Memory

A memory that is thought to be repressed or blocked from conscious awareness due to trauma or stress.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A mental health disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities within a single individual.

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Re-experiencing

A symptom of PTSD where the individual experiences intrusive thoughts, nightmares, and flashbacks related to the traumatic event.

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Avoidance

A symptom of PTSD where the individual avoids situations, thoughts, or feelings related to the trauma.

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Unable to Function

A symptom of PTSD where the individual experiences difficulty functioning in everyday life, such as problems with concentration, memory, or sleep.

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Increased Arousal

A symptom of PTSD where the individual experiences increased arousal, such as being easily startled, having trouble sleeping, or feeling angry.

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by emotional detachment, limited emotional expression, and a lack of interest in social relationships.

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by odd beliefs and behaviors, including magical thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, and social discomfort.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder that involves a disregard for social norms, a lack of remorse for wrongdoings, and a tendency to exploit others for personal gain.

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Borderline Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by unstable relationships, intense emotions, impulsivity, and a distorted sense of self.

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder that involves excessive attention-seeking, emotional expression, and a need to be center stage.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by extreme anxiety, feelings of inadequacy, and avoidance of social situations.

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Dependent Personality Disorder

A personality disorder involving a strong need for reassurance, approval, and dependence on others.

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Somatic Symptom Disorder

A mental disorder characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that are not caused by an underlying medical condition. These symptoms can range from pain and fatigue to gastrointestinal issues and neurological problems. The disorder is often associated with anxiety and distress about physical health.

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Therapist-Induced DID

A situation when a therapist's leading questions or suggestions can inadvertently lead a patient to develop or exaggerate symptoms of a mental disorder, particularly DID.

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DID as a Social Construct

The idea that DID is a social construct, meaning it's more influenced by cultural factors and social expectations than by biological processes. It suggests that the concept of having multiple identities is encouraged or reinforced by society.

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Medical Conditions Affecting Mental Health

The condition where a physical illness or medical condition can also cause or worsen mental health symptoms. For instance, someone with diabetes may experience depression or anxiety, even though the symptoms are not directly related to the diabetes itself.

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Mental Disorders Affecting Physical Health

Mental health disorders can trigger or contribute to physical symptoms. For example, depression can lead to sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, or even pain. This highlights the deep interconnectedness between mental and physical well-being.

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Somatic Symptom Disorders

A category of mental disorders where mental health issues manifest as physical symptoms, often without an underlying medical cause. These symptoms can be persistent and distressing, impacting daily life negatively.

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Study Notes

Delusions of Control

  • Belief one's thoughts or actions controlled by outside forces
  • Examples: thought broadcasting, thought insertion, thought withdrawal

Schizophrenia Symptoms

  • 3 Categories: cognitive, positive, negative
  • Cognitive: abnormalities in attention, organization, planning, slow thinking, difficulty understanding, poor concentration, poor memory, difficulty integrating thoughts, feelings, and behavior
  • Negative: blunted emotions, lack of enjoyment; emotional abnormalities refer to the absence of normal behaviors
    • Lack of emotional expression: inexpressive face, flat voice, lack of eye contact, blank or restricted facial expressions
    • Affective flattening: reduction in range and intensity of emotional expression
    • Lack of interest or enthusiasm: problems with motivation, lack of self-care; avolition
  • Positive: hallucinations, delusions (characteristic of psychotic disorders like schizophrenia), perceptual abnormalities

Catatonic Schizophrenia

  • Extreme behavioral extremes
  • One end: dramatic reduction in activity, where virtually all movement stops (catatonic stupor)

Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities

  • Fluid-filled brain regions enlarged due to less tissue.
  • Decreased size in frontal and temporal lobes (cognitive and perceptual functions are abnormal in schizophrenia)
  • Disorganization and thinning of cortical layers in frontal and temporal lobes.
  • Abnormal brain development likely involves abnormal dopamine levels (which affect cognitive, emotional, and perceptual function)

Biological Basis of Depression

  • Major cause of distress, disability, and death from suicide
  • Depressive mood characterized by feelings of hopelessness, loss of interest
  • Limited understanding of the cause of major depressive disorder
  • Possible functional abnormalities in the brain; abnormalities in activity in frontal lobe and limbic structures (increased/decreased correlated with stress)

Anxiety Disorders

  • Includes Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Anxiety Disorder Characteristics

  • Describes someone with a general state of tension and unease affecting their life
  • Anxiety must last for at least 6 months
  • Physical symptoms like eyelids twitching, trembling, fidgeting
  • Unclear source of anxiety
  • Unable to prevent/control anxiety

Panic Disorders

  • Sudden bursts of sheer panic and intense fear, accompanied by various physical symptoms (panic attacks).
  • Panic attacks often occur in response to stimuli that don't warrant that level of stress.

Phobias

  • Irrational fear of specific objects or situations
  • Examples: snakes, leaving the home, social situations

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

  • Characterized by repetitive and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions).
  • Obsessions: unwanted repetitive thoughts, ex. continually watching your hands.
  • Compulsions: unwanted repetitive actions
  • Interfere with everyday life

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  • Characterized by lingering memories and nightmares after a traumatic event, impacting daily life.
  • Symptoms generally last over 4 weeks after the event.
  • Trigger might be a trauma such as accidents, violence, or war
  • Symptoms: nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance of reminders, arousal (increased heart rate, etc.)

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

  • Two or more distinct identities/personalities existing within a single body
  • Each identity has unique mannerisms, emotions, and physical changes
  • Often caused by extreme life stress, such as child abuse.
  • Controversial whether it's a disorder or a social construct
  • Symptoms: denial of other personalities

Somatic Symptom Disorders

  • Mental disorders that manifest in physical symptoms that cause functional impairments.
  • Pain, fatigue, or other physical symptoms despite lack of a medical cause.
  • May or may not be related to a physical condition
  • Functional impairments: stopping people from going to school, or from enjoying life. Worrying/stress about symptoms all the time.
  • Examples: conversion disorder, illness anxiety disorder

Sleep Disorders

  • Problems occur in the brain, upper airways, or lungs.
  • Central sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, or hypoventilation disorder.
    • Central sleep apnea: the brain's respiratory control system problems
    • Obstructive sleep apnea: blocks airflow from mouth to lungs (common)
    • Hypoventilation disorder: difficulty fully removing carbon dioxide from lungs (related to obesity, medication)

Alzheimer's Disease

  • Cognitive and memory loss
  • Atrophy of brain tissue, decrease in size of cerebrum
  • Symptoms worsening over time; loss of neurons, plaques (amyloid), and tangles (neurofibrillary tangles) likely contribute to the cause of the disease

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts related to schizophrenia, PTSD, and Dissociative Identity Disorder. This quiz covers symptoms, cognitive functions, and emotional abnormalities encountered in these mental health conditions. Evaluate your knowledge and grasp of important psychological terms and theories.

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