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Questions and Answers
What are the three criteria used to define a psychological disorder?
What are the three criteria used to define a psychological disorder?
Which of the following is NOT part of the DSM-5 definition of psychological disorders?
Which of the following is NOT part of the DSM-5 definition of psychological disorders?
What is the primary focus of psychopathology?
What is the primary focus of psychopathology?
Which professionals are included in the study of psychopathology?
Which professionals are included in the study of psychopathology?
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How do clinical psychologists primarily prepare for their profession?
How do clinical psychologists primarily prepare for their profession?
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Which of the following is a key aspect of the recent developments in psychopathology?
Which of the following is a key aspect of the recent developments in psychopathology?
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What is one of the '4 Ds of Abnormality' mentioned in the content?
What is one of the '4 Ds of Abnormality' mentioned in the content?
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Which of the following statements about psychiatrists is true?
Which of the following statements about psychiatrists is true?
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What were the two key factors that reinvigorated the biological tradition in the 19th century?
What were the two key factors that reinvigorated the biological tradition in the 19th century?
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What symptoms are associated with general paresis?
What symptoms are associated with general paresis?
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How did physicians initially discover a recovery method for general paresis?
How did physicians initially discover a recovery method for general paresis?
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Who was a prominent figure advocating for the biological tradition in the United States during the 19th century?
Who was a prominent figure advocating for the biological tradition in the United States during the 19th century?
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What was the primary contribution of Louis Pasteur’s germ theory to the understanding of syphilis?
What was the primary contribution of Louis Pasteur’s germ theory to the understanding of syphilis?
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What was a significant outcome of linking syphilis to general paresis?
What was a significant outcome of linking syphilis to general paresis?
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In what year was general paresis designated a disease?
In what year was general paresis designated a disease?
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What was John P. Grey's stance on the causes of insanity?
What was John P. Grey's stance on the causes of insanity?
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What does the id primarily focus on?
What does the id primarily focus on?
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Which defense mechanism involves redirecting feelings to a less threatening object?
Which defense mechanism involves redirecting feelings to a less threatening object?
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What is the primary function of the ego?
What is the primary function of the ego?
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During which psychosexual stage is the focus on food and feeding?
During which psychosexual stage is the focus on food and feeding?
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What concept refers to the internal conflict a young boy experiences regarding his mother?
What concept refers to the internal conflict a young boy experiences regarding his mother?
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Which defense mechanism involves suggesting that one's own unacceptable thoughts belong to someone else?
Which defense mechanism involves suggesting that one's own unacceptable thoughts belong to someone else?
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What happens if gratification does not occur in a particular psychosexual stage according to Freud?
What happens if gratification does not occur in a particular psychosexual stage according to Freud?
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What does the superego represent in the structure of the mind?
What does the superego represent in the structure of the mind?
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What is the main conflict described in the Oedipus Complex?
What is the main conflict described in the Oedipus Complex?
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What do girls experience according to Freud's concept of the Electra Complex?
What do girls experience according to Freud's concept of the Electra Complex?
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Which psychological approach did Anna Freud primarily focus on?
Which psychological approach did Anna Freud primarily focus on?
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What did Heinz Kohut contribute to psychological theory?
What did Heinz Kohut contribute to psychological theory?
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Which term did Alfred Adler introduce to describe feelings that can hinder personal development?
Which term did Alfred Adler introduce to describe feelings that can hinder personal development?
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What technique involves patients freely discussing thoughts and feelings to provide insight?
What technique involves patients freely discussing thoughts and feelings to provide insight?
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Which of the following statements best describes the therapeutic alliance?
Which of the following statements best describes the therapeutic alliance?
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What did Carl Jung emphasize in his psychological theories?
What did Carl Jung emphasize in his psychological theories?
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What was Joseph Wolpe's main contribution to behavior therapy?
What was Joseph Wolpe's main contribution to behavior therapy?
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Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
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What type of reinforcement strengthens a response by adding a pleasant stimulus?
What type of reinforcement strengthens a response by adding a pleasant stimulus?
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What is shaping in the context of behavior therapy?
What is shaping in the context of behavior therapy?
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Which psychologist laid out the principles of operant conditioning?
Which psychologist laid out the principles of operant conditioning?
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What did Wolpe and his fellow pioneers in London establish?
What did Wolpe and his fellow pioneers in London establish?
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According to the content, why did many people accept various psychological fads?
According to the content, why did many people accept various psychological fads?
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Which of the following options best categorizes negative reinforcement?
Which of the following options best categorizes negative reinforcement?
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Study Notes
Defining Psychological Disorders
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Three criteria:
- Distress: Significant emotional or physical pain.
- Disability: Impairment in daily functioning.
- Deviance: Behaviors that differ from societal norms.
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DSM-5 definition does NOT include: Moral failing.
Psychopathology: Focus and Professionals
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Primary focus: Understanding the nature, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
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Professionals involved:
- Clinical Psychologists: Primary focus on assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.
- Psychiatrists: Medical doctors specializing in mental health, prescribe medication.
- Counseling Psychologists: Focus on less severe disorders.
- Social Workers: Focus on social and environmental factors contributing to mental illness.
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Clinical Psychologists: Primarily prepare through doctoral degrees (Ph.D. or Psy.D.)
Recent Developments in Psychopathology
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Key aspect: Integration of biological and psychosocial factors.
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'4 Ds of Abnormality':
- Distress
- Deviance
- Dysfunction
- Danger
Psychiatrists and their Role
- True statement: Only psychiatrists can prescribe medication.
Reinventing the Biological Tradition
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Two key factors:
- Discovery of syphilis and its link to mental illness: This highlighted the connection between physical and mental conditions.
- Rise of biological approaches: Advancements in neurology and brain research contributed to understanding the biological underpinnings of mental disorders.
General Paresis
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Symptoms: delusions, grandiosity, erratic behavior, cognitive decline.
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Discovery of recovery method: syphilis treatment, including penicillin, led to a decrease in general paresis.
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Prominent figure: John P. Grey, who advocated for the biological tradition and improved hospital conditions.
Germ Theory and Syphilis
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Louis Pasteur's germ theory: Helped understand syphilis as a bacterial infection.
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Outcome: Established a physical cause for mental illness, solidifying the biological tradition.
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General paresis designated a disease: 1913.
Insanity and its Causes
- John P. Grey: Argued that insanity was caused by brain pathology, and therefore incurable.
Psychoanalytic Theory
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Id: Primarily focused on basic drives and immediate gratification.
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Defense mechanism: Displacement: Redirecting feelings toward a less threatening object.
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Ego: Mediates between the id and the superego, deals with reality.
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Oral Stage: Focus on food and feeding.
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Oedipus Complex: The internal conflict a young boy experiences regarding his mother, wanting her for himself.
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Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto another person.
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Freud's psychosexual stages: Failure to achieve gratification in a specific stage leads to fixation, a personality trait.
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Superego: Represents societal rules and moral conscience.
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Oedipus Complex Conflict: A young boy's desire for his mother and rivalry with his father.
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Electra Complex: Girls experience penis envy and strive to please their fathers, leading to a sense of inferiority.
Contributions to Psychology
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Anna Freud: Emphasized ego psychology and defense mechanisms.
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Heinz Kohut: Contributed to the understanding of self psychology, emphasizing the need for early childhood experiences of empathy and validation.
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Alfred Adler: Introduced the term "inferiority complex", feelings of inadequacy that can hinder personal development.
Therapy Approaches
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Free Association: Therapy technique where patients freely discuss thoughts and feelings to gain insight.
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Therapeutic Alliance: A strong and positive relationship between therapist and client, important for success in therapy.
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Carl Jung: Emphasized the importance of the unconscious, archetypes, and the collective unconscious.
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Joseph Wolpe: Developed systematic desensitization, a behavior therapy technique used for anxiety disorders.
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Operant Conditioning: A type of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences.
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Positive Reinforcement: Strengthening a response by adding a pleasant stimulus.
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Shaping: Gradual reinforcement of behaviors that approximate the desired response.
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B.F. Skinner: Developed the principles of operant conditioning.
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Wolpe and colleagues in London: Established the Behavior Therapy Unit, pioneering the development of behavioral treatment approaches.
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Acceptance of psychological fads: Due to the lack of scientific evidence and a desire for quick fixes.
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Negative Reinforcement: Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of psychological disorders including definitions, classifications, and the four Ds of abnormality. This quiz also dives into the field of psychopathology and the professionals involved in studying and treating mental health issues. Test your understanding of these critical psychological concepts.
