Psychological Disorders Overview
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Psychological Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What are the three criteria used to define a psychological disorder?

  • Deviance, Danger, Distress
  • Psychological Dysfunction, Distress or Impairment, Not typical or Not culturally expected (correct)
  • Psychological Dysfunction, Danger, Distress
  • Distress, Deviance, Treatment

    • Which of the following is NOT part of the DSM-5 definition of psychological disorders?

  • Associated with impairment in functioning
  • Unexpected in their cultural context
  • Increased risk of suffering, death, or pain
  • Always linked to psychological treatment (correct)

    • What is the primary focus of psychopathology?

  • The promotion of mental wellness
  • To conduct therapy for all mental health issues
  • The scientific study of psychological disorders (correct)
  • The treatment of physical disorders

    • Which professionals are included in the study of psychopathology?

    <p>Clinical and counseling psychologists, psychiatrists, and marriage therapists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do clinical psychologists primarily prepare for their profession?

    <p>Through a Ph.D. or Psy.D. followed by 5 years of training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of the recent developments in psychopathology?

    <p>Adoption of scientific methods for understanding disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the '4 Ds of Abnormality' mentioned in the content?

    <p>Dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about psychiatrists is true?

    <p>They first earn an MD and then specialize in psychiatry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two key factors that reinvigorated the biological tradition in the 19th century?

    <p>Discovery of the nature of syphilis and support from John P. Grey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are associated with general paresis?

    <p>Consistent delusions and bizarre behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did physicians initially discover a recovery method for general paresis?

    <p>By observing malaria patients and their fevers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a prominent figure advocating for the biological tradition in the United States during the 19th century?

    <p>John P. Grey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary contribution of Louis Pasteur’s germ theory to the understanding of syphilis?

    <p>Facilitating the identification of the bacteria causing it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of linking syphilis to general paresis?

    <p>It established a direct connection between infection and mental symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was general paresis designated a disease?

    <p>1825</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was John P. Grey's stance on the causes of insanity?

    <p>They are always physical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the id primarily focus on?

    <p>Emotional and irrational desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves redirecting feelings to a less threatening object?

    <p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ego?

    <p>To mediate between id and superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which psychosexual stage is the focus on food and feeding?

    <p>Oral stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept refers to the internal conflict a young boy experiences regarding his mother?

    <p>Oedipus complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves suggesting that one's own unacceptable thoughts belong to someone else?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if gratification does not occur in a particular psychosexual stage according to Freud?

    <p>Personality reflects that stage in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the superego represent in the structure of the mind?

    <p>The individual's conscience and moral compass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conflict described in the Oedipus Complex?

    <p>Conflict between lustful impulses and castration anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do girls experience according to Freud's concept of the Electra Complex?

    <p>Desire to replace their mother and possess their father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological approach did Anna Freud primarily focus on?

    <p>Ego psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Heinz Kohut contribute to psychological theory?

    <p>Development of self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term did Alfred Adler introduce to describe feelings that can hinder personal development?

    <p>Inferiority complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique involves patients freely discussing thoughts and feelings to provide insight?

    <p>Free association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the therapeutic alliance?

    <p>The relationship between therapist and patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Carl Jung emphasize in his psychological theories?

    <p>Enduring personality traits and the collective unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Joseph Wolpe's main contribution to behavior therapy?

    <p>He introduced systematic desensitization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?

    <p>Behavior changes based on consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement strengthens a response by adding a pleasant stimulus?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shaping in the context of behavior therapy?

    <p>Reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist laid out the principles of operant conditioning?

    <p>Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wolpe and his fellow pioneers in London establish?

    <p>Behavior therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, why did many people accept various psychological fads?

    <p>Because of the lack of evidence-based methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options best categorizes negative reinforcement?

    <p>Removing an aversive stimulus to strengthen behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Defining Psychological Disorders

    • Three criteria:

      • Distress: Significant emotional or physical pain.
      • Disability: Impairment in daily functioning.
      • Deviance: Behaviors that differ from societal norms.

    • DSM-5 definition does NOT include: Moral failing.

    Psychopathology: Focus and Professionals

    • Primary focus: Understanding the nature, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.

    • Professionals involved:

      • Clinical Psychologists: Primary focus on assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.
      • Psychiatrists: Medical doctors specializing in mental health, prescribe medication.
      • Counseling Psychologists: Focus on less severe disorders.
      • Social Workers: Focus on social and environmental factors contributing to mental illness.

    • Clinical Psychologists: Primarily prepare through doctoral degrees (Ph.D. or Psy.D.)

    Recent Developments in Psychopathology

    • Key aspect: Integration of biological and psychosocial factors.

    • '4 Ds of Abnormality':

      • Distress
      • Deviance
      • Dysfunction
      • Danger

    Psychiatrists and their Role

    • True statement: Only psychiatrists can prescribe medication.

    Reinventing the Biological Tradition

    • Two key factors:
      • Discovery of syphilis and its link to mental illness: This highlighted the connection between physical and mental conditions.
      • Rise of biological approaches: Advancements in neurology and brain research contributed to understanding the biological underpinnings of mental disorders.

    General Paresis

    • Symptoms: delusions, grandiosity, erratic behavior, cognitive decline.

    • Discovery of recovery method: syphilis treatment, including penicillin, led to a decrease in general paresis.

    • Prominent figure: John P. Grey, who advocated for the biological tradition and improved hospital conditions.

    Germ Theory and Syphilis

    • Louis Pasteur's germ theory: Helped understand syphilis as a bacterial infection.

    • Outcome: Established a physical cause for mental illness, solidifying the biological tradition.

    • General paresis designated a disease: 1913.

    Insanity and its Causes

    • John P. Grey: Argued that insanity was caused by brain pathology, and therefore incurable.

    Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Id: Primarily focused on basic drives and immediate gratification.

    • Defense mechanism: Displacement: Redirecting feelings toward a less threatening object.

    • Ego: Mediates between the id and the superego, deals with reality.

    • Oral Stage: Focus on food and feeding.

    • Oedipus Complex: The internal conflict a young boy experiences regarding his mother, wanting her for himself.

    • Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto another person.

    • Freud's psychosexual stages: Failure to achieve gratification in a specific stage leads to fixation, a personality trait.

    • Superego: Represents societal rules and moral conscience.

    • Oedipus Complex Conflict: A young boy's desire for his mother and rivalry with his father.

    • Electra Complex: Girls experience penis envy and strive to please their fathers, leading to a sense of inferiority.

    Contributions to Psychology

    • Anna Freud: Emphasized ego psychology and defense mechanisms.

    • Heinz Kohut: Contributed to the understanding of self psychology, emphasizing the need for early childhood experiences of empathy and validation.

    • Alfred Adler: Introduced the term "inferiority complex", feelings of inadequacy that can hinder personal development.

    Therapy Approaches

    • Free Association: Therapy technique where patients freely discuss thoughts and feelings to gain insight.

    • Therapeutic Alliance: A strong and positive relationship between therapist and client, important for success in therapy.

    • Carl Jung: Emphasized the importance of the unconscious, archetypes, and the collective unconscious.

    • Joseph Wolpe: Developed systematic desensitization, a behavior therapy technique used for anxiety disorders.

    • Operant Conditioning: A type of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences.

    • Positive Reinforcement: Strengthening a response by adding a pleasant stimulus.

    • Shaping: Gradual reinforcement of behaviors that approximate the desired response.

    • B.F. Skinner: Developed the principles of operant conditioning.

    • Wolpe and colleagues in London: Established the Behavior Therapy Unit, pioneering the development of behavioral treatment approaches.

    • Acceptance of psychological fads: Due to the lack of scientific evidence and a desire for quick fixes.

    • Negative Reinforcement: Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of psychological disorders including definitions, classifications, and the four Ds of abnormality. This quiz also dives into the field of psychopathology and the professionals involved in studying and treating mental health issues. Test your understanding of these critical psychological concepts.

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