Psychological Disorders and Psychotherapy Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which GAF score indicates excellent functioning?

  • 100 (correct)
  • 50
  • 10
  • 75

The DSM-IV offers an explanation for psychological disorders.

False (B)

What are the three primary types of anxiety disorders?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

The GAF scale ranges from 10 to ____.

<p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

<p>GAD = Persistent anxiety for at least one month without a specified reason Phobias = Intense fear of specific objects or situations OCD = Repetitive behaviors or thoughts that an individual feels compelled to perform GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning scale used for summarizing overall functionability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the DSM-IV related to social attitudes?

<p>It leads to labelling and stigma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The higher the GAF score, the worse the individual’s prognosis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anxiety, what does generalized feelings of fear or apprehension refer to?

<p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

<p>Feelings of restlessness or being keyed up (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency of the neurotransmitter GABA is linked to generalized anxiety disorder.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological factor suggests that anxiety can occur when the Id is unable to express its unacceptable feelings?

<p>Psychodynamic view</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are intense or irrational fears of objects or situations that may present little danger.

<p>Phobias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms to their appropriate anxiety disorders:

<p>Restlessness = Generalized Anxiety Disorder Intense fear of social situations = Social Phobia Fear of situations that might lead to panic = Agoraphobia Avoiding specific objects = Specific Phobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the recognized types of phobic disorders?

<p>Psychomatic Phobia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

General symptoms of phobias include the ability to rationally explain the fear.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor may contribute to low self-esteem and self-criticism associated with anxiety disorders?

<p>Harsh self-standards or trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does serotonin play in anxiety?

<p>It regulates mood and emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An overactive amygdala is associated with a reduced fear response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavioral perspective's explanation for phobic disorders?

<p>Phobic disorders are learned responses to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A specific phobia is characterized by an intense fear of a specific ______.

<p>object or situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phobia type with its description:

<p>Specific Phobia = An intense fear of a specific object or situation Social Phobia = Fear of social situations or being judged by others Agoraphobia = Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult Complex Phobia = Fear that extends beyond simple phobias to include several conditions or scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of specific phobia?

<p>Extreme fear when exposed to a phobic stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exposure to a feared stimulus will often cause minimal anxiety in individuals with specific phobias.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological approach views phobias as defense mechanisms against repressed id impulses?

<p>Psychodynamic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Axis V

Clinician's assessment of patient's overall functioning.

GAF Scale

100-point scale for measuring overall functioning.

Anxiety

Increased arousal with fear and apprehension.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Persistent anxiety lasting at least a month without clear cause.

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DSM-IV Advantage (1)

Encourages standard, comprehensive patient descriptions.

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DSM-IV Limitation (1)

Describes but does not explain psychological disorders.

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DSM-IV Limitation (2)

Risk of stigmatization due to labelling of abnormal behaviour.

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DSM-IV Limitation (3)

Potential gender bias in classifications, and potentially based on social factors

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Free-floating anxiety

A type of anxiety where a person feels worried, but can't pinpoint a specific cause.

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Phobia

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.

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Specific/simple phobia

A type of phobia that involves an excessive fear of a particular object or situation.

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Neurotransmitter Imbalance

An issue with chemical messengers in the brain that may contribute to anxiety.

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Cognitive Factors (anxiety)

Intense negative thoughts and automatic worries that can trigger anxiety.

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Psychosocial Factors (anxiety)

Factors like upbringing, trauma, and personal standards that can contribute to anxiety.

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Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder involving fear of places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing.

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What is the role of serotonin in anxiety?

Serotonin is a brain chemical that regulates mood and emotions. An imbalance in serotonin levels could contribute to anxiety disorders.

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What brain structure is involved in fear responses?

The amygdala is a part of the limbic system, responsible for processing strong emotions like fear. An overactive amygdala can lead to heightened fear responses in anxiety.

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Operant Conditioning in Anxiety

Operant conditioning explains anxiety as a learned response to situations. When a behavior is reinforced through punishments, a fear response can be created.

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Classical Conditioning and Phobias

Classical conditioning associates neutral stimuli with strong emotional reactions, leading to phobias. For example, associating a bee's buzz with a painful sting can lead to a phobia of bees.

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Observational Learning in Phobias

Observational learning suggests phobias can be learned through observing others' negative reactions to a situation. For example, seeing someone afraid of heights can make someone else afraid too.

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Psychodynamic Explanation of Phobias

The psychodynamic view suggests phobias are defense mechanisms against anxiety stemming from repressed desires. This anxiety is then displaced onto an external object or situation.

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Specific Phobias

Specific phobias are intense and persistent fears of specific objects or situations, like snakes, heights, or insects. These fears are significantly out of proportion to the actual risk.

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Symptoms of Specific Phobias

Symptoms of a specific phobia include intense, unreasonable fear, avoidance of the feared object, distress in its presence, uncontrollable fear despite knowing it's irrational.

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Study Notes

Psychological Disorders and Psychotherapy

  • Abnormal behavior is defined by deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger, from societal and cultural norms
  • Normal behavior deviates from maladaptive behaviors
  • Classification of disorders is necessary for diagnosis and treatment
  • Psychological, behavioral, and developmental disorders, such as anxiety, mood and personality disorders, are characterized by specific symptoms and causes
  • Schizophrenia has positive and negative symptoms, with different types (disorganized, catatonic, paranoid)
  • Psychotherapy includes psychoanalysis, client-centered, behavioral, and social rehabilitation methods

Social Thought and Social Behaviour

  • Social perception involves understanding the reasons for others' behavior and is based on attribution theories
  • Biases in judgment formation include self-serving bias, false-consensus effect, automatic vigilance, and counterfactual thinking
  • Social influence examines how people change others' behaviors, and encompasses factors like social norms, conformity, and obedience
  • Group characteristics include formal/informal and primary/secondary groups, as well as in-group/out-group dynamics

Attitudes

  • Attitudes are formed and changed through persuasion and cognitive dissonance
  • Attitudes are composed of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components
  • Attitudes are influenced by persuasion and cognitive dissonance

Major Psychological Disorders

  • Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent anxiety without a known cause
  • Phobias are characterized by extreme fear of specific objects or situations that produce anxiety, distress and avoidance
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves recurring unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and compulsive behaviors
  • The causes of anxiety disorders include biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
  • Mood disorders include unipolar depression and bipolar disorder
  • Unipolar depression is characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms
  • Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings between manic and depressive phases
  • Personality disorders feature inflexible and extreme personality traits that deviate from social norms
  • These disorders include antisocial, avoidant, and dependent personality disorders
  • Each personality disorder has distinct symptoms

Behavioral, Neurodevelopmental, and Anxiety Disorders in Childhood

  • Several types of disorders start in childhood and include disruptions in behavior, language, learning, and other areas
  • ADHD (attention deficit hyperactive disorder) and autism spectrum disorder are two examples
  • Separation anxiety disorder in childhood involves extreme fear of separation from caregivers

Classification of Mental Disorders

  • Mental disorders are categorized and classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) devised by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)

Psychotherapy

  • Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in shaping behavior
  • Client-centered therapy focuses on the client's perspective, unconditional positive regard, and acceptance
  • Behavioral therapies utilize learned principles of operant and classical conditioning to modify behavior

Rehabilitation

  • Rehabilitation in psychopathology aims at reintegrating individuals into society and improving their overall functioning
  • Interventions include therapy, education, vocational training, and social support systems

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