Psychological Disorders and Perspectives

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly lists the perspectives on psychological disorders?

  • Psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral, neurological, idealistic, sociological, evolutionary
  • Psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, biological, humanistic, sociocultural, evolutionary (correct)
  • Psychodynamic, creative, behavioral, biological, humanistic, sociological, evolutionary
  • Psychological, cognitive, behavioral, biological, humanistic, sociocultural, evolutionary

What is the central idea behind the psychodynamic perspective regarding behavior?

How unconscious drives behavior

What is the focus of the cognitive perspective in psychology?

How we think and fixate

What learning processes are emphasized by the behavioral perspective?

<p>Classical and operant conditioning, social learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the biological perspective consider when explaining differences in individuals?

<p>How we are different biologically</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the humanistic perspective, what is the inherent nature of individuals?

<p>Everyone is good and society has corrupted</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sociocultural perspective emphasize in understanding behavior?

<p>Cultural differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the evolutionary perspective?

<p>Survival of the fittest</p> Signup and view all the answers

When defining psychological disorders, what key questions should you ask?

<p>Ask if behavior is deviant, distressful, or harmful dysfunctional</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key question is asked when assessing deviant behavior?

<p>Ask is behavior different from normal?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key question is asked when assessing distressful behavior?

<p>Ask does the behavior upset you/others?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key question is asked when assessing harmful dysfunctional behavior?

<p>Ask does the behavior affect one's ability to function?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cited as a potential cause of ADHD overdiagnosis in children?

<p>Energetic child + boring school</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main steps of the medical model?

<p>Diagnose, treat, and cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two components must be present for a disorder to occur according to the diathesis-stress model?

<p>Diathesis and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the DSM-5?

<p>Label and gives background of mental illness (classifies)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the biopsychosocial approach, what three influences lead to psychological disorders?

<p>Biological, psychological, and social-cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was demonstrated in Rosenhan's study regarding labeling people with a disorder?

<p>The label was more important than the symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly lists the anxiety disorders from the text?

<p>Generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?

<p>Trouble breathing, difficulty sleeping, choking feeling, worry</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a panic disorder characterized by?

<p>Sudden, intense, long panic attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phobias?

<p>Persistent and irrational fears</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a phobia and a fear?

<p>Phobia - absolutely not, fear - will do it but won't enjoy it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions?

<p>Obsession - thoughts, compulsion - behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder?

<p>Haunting nightmares, social withdrawal, sleep issues, jumping anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is post-traumatic growth?

<p>Idea that we can grow from trauma (the ideal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the behaviorism perspective, how is anxiety developed and maintained?

<p>Stimulus generalization and then reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the biological perspective, what factors contribute to anxiety disorders?

<p>Too much of the anxiety gene (glutamate), dysfunctional frontal lobe activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are somatoform disorders?

<p>Bodily symptoms with no physical symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypochondriasis?

<p>A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are dissociative disorders?

<p>Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fugue state?

<p>Detach from your identity and forget who you are, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dissociative identity disorder?

<p>Disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the mood disorders listed in this document?

<p>Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines major depressive disorder?

<p>For a minimum of 2 weeks you have at least five depression symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bipolar 1 disorder?

<p>A type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mania?

<p>A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mental disorders are highly genetic?

<p>Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitters are lacking when depressed?

<p>Norepinephrine and serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does explanatory style relate to mood disorders?

<p>Left leads to more depression and right leads to coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the steps of depression's vicious cycle:

<ol> <li>Stressful experiences, 2. negative explanatory style, 3. depressed mood, 4. cognitive and behavioral changes</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is schizophrenia?

<p>Split mind - disconnect between thoughts, emotions, and perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of delusions of grandeur and delusions of persecutions:

<p>Grandeur - think you are the most important person ever, like god, persecution - feeling you're being watched by the CIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of schizophrenia inappropriate emotions:

<p>Flat effect; catatonia; disruptive social behavior like laughing at a funeral</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the statistic on the amount of people who have schizophrenia?

<p>1/250 people have it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>Positive - addition of seeing and hearing things, negative - socially withdrawn and emotionally flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chronic (process) schizophrenia?

<p>Slow to develop, less chance of recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are acute (reactive) symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>Reaction to stress, rapid, chance of recovery is higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are symptoms of too much dopamine and too little dopamine?

<p>Too much - schizophrenia, too little - parkinsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the frontal lobe, fluid filled areas and brain size when you have schizophrenia?

<p>Frontal lobe not so active, enlarged ventricles (fluid filled areas), suggests reduced brain size</p> Signup and view all the answers

Although schizophrenia is highly genetic, environment plays no role.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the personality disorders for Cluster A?

<p>Paranoid; schizoid; schizotypal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sociopath?

<p>Erratic, uneducated, lack of social skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides genetic predispositions, what else can influence the statistics on disorders?

<p>Poverty and sociocultural effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on psychological disorders involves looking back in childhood and how unconscious drives behavior?

<p>Psychodynamic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on psychological disorders focuses on how we think and fixate?

<p>Cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on psychological disorders involves classical and operant conditioning, and social learning?

<p>Behavioral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on psychological disorders focuses on how we are different biologically, for example, levels of serotonin?

<p>Biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective argues that everyone is inherently good and that society has corrupted them?

<p>Humanistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective takes into account cultural differences, like Taiwan having the least depression rate but the highest suicide rate?

<p>Sociocultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective focuses on survival of the fittest?

<p>Evolutionary</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining deviant behavior, what question should you ask?

<p>Is behavior different from normal?</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining distressful behavior, what question should you ask?

<p>Does the behavior upset you/others?</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining harmful dysfunctional behavior, what question should you ask?

<p>Does the behavior affect one's ability to function?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason for ADHD overdiagnosis?

<p>Children are being overdiagnosed with ADHD for having normal child tendencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medical model focuses on what three processes?

<p>Diagnose, treat, and cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the DSM-5 do?

<p>Label and gives background of mental illness (classifies)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three influences lead to a psychological disorder, according to the biopsychological approach?

<p>Biological influences (genes), psychological influences (stress, trauma), and social-cultural influences (roles, expectations, definitions of normal and disorder)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Rosenhan's study demonstrate?

<p>Labeling people with a disorder can be problematic because in this study the label was more important than the symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a list of anxiety disorders?

<p>Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does anxiety morph into during a panic disorder?

<p>Sudden, intense, long panic attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you differentiate a phobia from a fear?

<p>Phobias are persistent and irrational, while fears are more manageable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

<p>Obsessions and Compulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apart from war, what else can cause post-traumatic stress disorder?

<p>Haunting nightmares, social withdrawal, sleep issues, jumping anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the behaviorism perspective, how does stimulus generalization relate to anxiety disorders?

<p>Afraid of all dogs (stimulus generalization) and then running away when you see a dog thinking it will save you from an attack (reinforcement)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the biological perspective, what biological factors contribute to anxiety disorders?

<p>Too much of the anxiety gene (glutamate); Dysfunctional frontal lobe activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are mood disorders?

<p>Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long do you have to experience depression symptoms to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?

<p>A minimum of 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorders are highly genetic?

<p>Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitters are lacking when someone is depressed?

<p>Norepinephrine and Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does left and right explanatory styles of mood disorders affect depression and coping?

<p>Left (leads to more depression) and right (leads to coping)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is depression's vicious cycle?

<ol> <li>Stressful experiences; 2. Negative explanatory style; 3. Depressed mood; 4. Cognitive and behavioral changes, and it repeats.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are delusions of grandeur and delusions of persecution?

<p>Grandeur - Think you are the most important person ever, like God; Persecution - Feeling you're being watched by the CIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of schizophrenia inappropriate emotions?

<p>Flat effect (no emotions), catatonia (rigid, staring, and still or excessive movement), disruptive social behavior like laughing at a funeral</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the statistics on schizophrenia?

<p>1/250 people have it and onset at the age range of 15-30 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is acute (reactive) symptoms?

<p>Reaction to stress, rapid, chance of recovery is higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you have too much _____ you get schizophrenia, if you have too little _____ you get parkinsons

<p>dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some issues related to the brain that can cause schizophrenia?

<p>Frontal lobe not so active; Enlarged ventricles (fluid filled areas), suggests reduced brain size</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides genetics, what other component plays a part in Schizophrenia?

<p>Environment plays a role</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of cluster A personalities?

<p>Odd or eccentric, lack of social skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does poverty affect mental disorders?

<p>Poverty and sociocultural effects influence the statistics on disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following perspectives are included in the list of perspectives on psychological disorders?

<p>All of the above (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the psychodynamic perspective on psychological disorders?

<p>Looking back in childhood; how unconscious drives behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive perspective focus on?

<p>How we think and fixate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What learning processes are associated with the behavioral perspective?

<p>Classical and operant conditioning, social learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are considered in the biological perspective?

<p>How we are different biologically, e.g., levels of serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sociocultural perspective emphasize?

<p>Cultural differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is central to the evolutionary perspective?

<p>Survival of the fittest</p> Signup and view all the answers

When defining psychological disorders, what key questions are asked?

<p>Is the behavior deviant, distressful, or harmful dysfunctional?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question is asked to determine if behavior is deviant?

<p>Is behavior different from normal?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question is asked to determine if behavior is distressful?

<p>Does the behavior upset you/others?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question is asked to determine if behavior is harmful dysfunctional?

<p>Does the behavior affect one's ability to function?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's a reason why children might be overdiagnosed with ADHD?

<p>Energetic child + boring school = adhd overdiagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the medical model propose for mental disorders?

<p>Diagnose, treat, and cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of the diathesis-stress model?

<p>Diathesis (nature, predisposition) and stress (nurture, triggers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the DSM-5 used for?

<p>Label and gives background of mental illness (classifies)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences are part of the biopsychosocial approach to understanding psychological disorders?

<p>Biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Rosenhan's study demonstrate about labels?

<p>The label was more important than the symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is included in the anxiety disorders list?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?

<p>Trouble breathing, difficulty sleeping, choking feeling, worry</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does anxiety relate to panic disorder?

<p>Anxiety morphs into it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phobias characterized by?

<p>Persistent and irrational fears</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a phobia differ from a fear?

<p>Phobia - absolutely not. Fear - will do it but won't enjoy it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the perspective of behaviorism, how does anxiety develop and manifest?

<p>Stimulus generalization and then reinforcement. Ex: fear of dogs. Afraid of all dogs (stimulus generalization) and then running away when you see a dog thinking it will save you from an attack (reinforcement)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biological factors are associated with anxiety disorders?

<p>Too much of the anxiety gene (glutamate). Dysfunctional frontal lobe activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are somatoform disorders characterized by?

<p>Bodily symptoms with no physical symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of dissociative disorders?

<p>Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered mood disorders?

<p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many weeks must a person have depression symptoms to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorders have a strong genetic influence?

<p>Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are deficient in depression?

<p>Norepinephrine and serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cycle of depression?

<ol> <li>stressful experiences</li> <li>negative explanatory style</li> <li>depressed mood</li> <li>cognitive and behavioral changes and it just repeats</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key characteristics of schizophrenia?

<p>Split mind - disconnect between thoughts, emotions, and perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are delusions?

<p>False beliefs, spewing out random thoughts and ideas that don't make sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hallucinations?

<p>False perceptions like hearing voices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary types of delusions?

<p>Grandeur - think you are the most important person ever, like god Persecution - feeling you're being watched by the CIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are inappropriate emotions in the context of schizophrenia?

<p>Flat effect - no emotions Catatonia - rigid, staring, and still or excessive movement (two extremes, no inbetween) Disruptive social behavior like laughing at a funeral</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the general population?

<p>1/250 people have it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the positive and negative symptoms?

<p>Positive - addition of seeing and hearing things Negative - socially withdrawn and emotionally flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chronic schizophrenia?

<p>Slow to develop, less chance of recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are acute schizophrenia?

<p>Reaction to stress, rapid, chance of recovery is higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does dopamine play in both schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease?

<p>Too much - schizophrenia Too little - parkinsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?

<p>Frontal lobe not so active Enlarged ventricles (fluid filled areas), suggests reduced brain size Can be due to low birth weight, oxygen deprivation, mom has physical trauma when pregnant, father over 45, flu in the fetal stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nurture component on schizophrenia?

<p>Yes it is very genetic but also environment plays a role</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the qualities of cluster a personality disorders?

<p>Odd or eccentric Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Lack of social skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

What qualities characterize cluster b personality disorders?

<p>Dramatic, emotional, or erratic Antisocial Histrionic - extreme emotional expression, need for attention Narcissistic Borderline</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a sociopath have?

<p>Erratic, uneducated, lack of social skills both have underactive frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What qualities does a psychopath possess?

<p>Educated, takes risks, controlled, manipulative both have underactive frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does poverty influence mental disorders?

<p>Poverty and sociocultural effects influence the statistics on disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychodynamic Perspective

Looking back into childhood experiences and how unconscious drives behavior.

Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on how we think, perceive, and fixate on ideas.

Behavioral Perspective

Emphasizes learned behaviors through classical and operant conditioning, and social learning.

Biological Perspective

Explores biological differences, such as serotonin levels.

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Humanistic Perspective

Focuses on inherent goodness, corrupted by society.

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Sociocultural Perspective

Stresses cultural differences and influences.

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Evolutionary Perspective

Focuses on survival of the fittest through natural selection.

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Defining Psychological Disorders

Assesses if behavior is deviant, distressful, or harmful dysfunctional, varies by culture.

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Deviant Behavior

Behavior that deviates from the norm.

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Distressful Behavior

Behavior that causes upset to oneself or others.

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Harmful Dysfunctional Behavior

Behavior that impairs one's ability to function effectively.

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Medical Model

Diagnose, treat, and cure mental disorders using medical principles.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

Predisposition for a disorder (nature) and stress (nurture) must both be present.

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DSM-5

Manual that classifies and gives background on mental illnesses, can lead to overdiagnosis.

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Biopsychosocial Approach

Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors lead to psychological disorders.

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Rosenhan's Study

Faking voices to enter hospitals to see how the label was stronger than the symptoms.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Persistent, excessive worry and difficulty relaxing.

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Panic Disorder

Sudden, intense panic attacks.

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Phobias

Persistent, irrational fears.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions).

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Haunting memories, social withdrawal, and anxiety as a result of trauma.

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Post-Traumatic Growth

Positive psychological change after struggling with trauma.

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Behavioral Perspective of Anxiety

Fear conditioning through stimulus generalization and reinforcement.

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Biological Perspective of Anxiety

Excess glutamate and dysfunctional frontal lobe activity.

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Somatoform Disorders

Bodily symptoms with no physical symptoms

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Hypochondriasis

A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

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Dissociative Disorders

Conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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Fugue State

Detach from your identity and forget who you are, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

A person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body

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Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder

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Major Depressive Disorder

Have at least five depression symptoms for 2 weeks

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Bipolar 1 Disorder

Marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

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Mania

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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Bipolar 2 Disorder

Marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and depressive episodes

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Norepinephrine and Serotonin

An imbalance in the levels of

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Schizophrenia

Disconnect between thoughts, emotions, and perceptions

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Delusions of Grandeur and delusions of Persecution

Think you are the most important person ever, like god or feeling you're being watched by the CIA

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Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Additions and take aways

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Chronic (process) Schizophrenia

Slow to develop, less chance of recovery

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Acute (reactive) Symptoms

Reaction to stress, rapid, chance of recovery is higher

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Dopamine

Too much = Schizophrenia, too little = Parkinson's

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The Brain and Schizophrenia

Frontal lobe not so active

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Cluster A

Odd or eccentric

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Cluster B

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic

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Cluster C

Anxious or fearful

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Study Notes

  • The following flashcards cover psychological disorders, their perspectives, definitions, and related concepts.

Perspectives on Psychological Disorders

  • The perspectives encompass different approaches: psychodynamic, cognitive, behavior, biological, humanistic, sociocultural, and evolutionary.
  • Psychodynamic: Focuses on childhood experiences and unconscious drives.
  • Cognitive: Centers on thinking processes and fixations.
  • Behavior: Emphasizes classical and operant conditioning, and social learning.
  • Biological: Examines biological differences, such as serotonin levels, to explain psychological disorders.
  • Humanistic: Posits that individuals are inherently good but corrupted by society.
  • Sociocultural: Highlights cultural differences and their impact on mental health. For example, Taiwan has the lowest reported depression rate but the highest suicide rate due to cultural openness.
  • Evolutionary: Attributes behavior to survival of the fittest principles.

Defining Psychological Disorders

  • Psychological disorders are defined by whether a behavior is deviant, distressful, or harmful dysfunctional.
  • "Normal" behavior definitions vary by context and culture.
  • Deviant behavior: Behavior considered different from the norm.
  • Distressful behavior: Behavior that upsets the individual or others.
  • Harmful dysfunctional behavior: Behavior that affects one's ability to function.

ADHD Overdiagnosis

  • Children are sometimes overdiagnosed with ADHD due to normal childhood behaviors.
  • Energetic children in boring school environments can contribute to overdiagnosis.

Medical Model

  • The medical model involves diagnosing, treating, and curing mental disorders.
  • Before the adoption of this model, individuals with mental disorders were often tortured. The mortality rate significantly dropped from 60% to 10% with the shift to the medical model.

Diathesis-Stress Model

  • This model combines nature and nurture:
    • Diathesis: Genetic predisposition to a disorder.
    • Stress: Environmental factors that trigger the disorder.
  • Both diathesis and stress must be present for a disorder to manifest.

DSM-5

  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) classifies and provides background on mental illnesses.
  • Its use can lead to overdiagnosis.

Biopsychosocial Approach

  • This approach considers biological influences (genes), psychological influences (stress, trauma), and sociocultural influences (roles, expectations) in the development of psychological disorders.

Rosenhan's Study

  • Demonstrated how labeling can be problematic, with the label being more significant than the actual symptoms.
  • People faking hearing voices were admitted to hospitals and diagnosed with schizophrenia, spending an average of 19 days to get out.
  • When hospitals were warned about another attempt, they turned away real patients believing they were faking.

Anxiety Disorders

  • Common anxiety disorders include: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Panic Disorder, Phobias, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

  • Characterized by persistent worry, trouble breathing, difficulty sleeping, and a choking feeling.
  • Women are more likely to be diagnosed, though stigma may prevent men from reporting symptoms.

Panic Disorder

  • Sudden, intense panic attacks.

Phobias

  • Persistent and irrational fears.
  • Agoraphobia is the fear of open spaces.
  • The difference between a phobia and a fear is that with a phobia the individual will refuse to participate in the feared activity, whereas if they have a fear they may still participate through with discomfort.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

  • Marked by obsessions (repetitive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).
  • Can involve obsessions such as thoughts about death, or compulsions such as excessive handwashing.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  • Symptoms include haunting nightmares, social withdrawal, sleep issues, and heightened anxiety.

Post-Traumatic Growth

  • The idea that individuals can grow from trauma by finding new meaning and purpose.

Behaviorism Perspective on Anxiety Disorders

  • Fear of dogs can result from stimulus generalization (fear of all dogs) and reinforcement (running away to avoid attack).

Biological Perspective on Anxiety Disorders

  • Too much glutamate and dysfunctional frontal lobe activation.

Somatoform Disorders

  • Bodily symptoms with no physical symptoms.
  • Phantom pregnancy is an example.

Hypochondriasis

  • Interpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

Dissociative Disorders

  • Conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Fugue State

  • Detachment from identity and forgetting who you are, often in response to extreme stress.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

  • Person exhibits two or more distinct personalities.
  • Controversy surrounds this disorder, which is primarily diagnosed in North America.
  • Visual acuity and handedness can change with each personality.
  • Stress can trigger a change in personalities.

Mood Disorders

  • Include Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder

  • Minimum of five depression symptoms for at least 2 weeks.
  • Often self-terminates, but can be long-lasting (major depression).

Bipolar 1 Disorder

  • Full manic and major depressive episodes; most severe form.

Mania

  • A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
  • Creativity can peak during manic phases.
  • Cycle: depression -> mania -> depression.

Bipolar 2 Disorder

  • Less severe, with hypomanic (mildly manic) and depressive episodes.

Genetic Influences on Mood Disorders

  • Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia have strong genetic components.

Neurotransmitters

  • Lack of norepinephrine and serotonin when depressed.

Explanatory Style of Mood Disorders

  • Negative explanatory styles linked to more depression; positive to coping.

Depression's Vicious Cycle

  • Stressful experiences -> negative explanatory style -> depressed mood -> cognitive and behavioral changes, repeating the cycle.

Schizophrenia

  • "Split mind" disconnect between thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.
  • Delusions: false beliefs (grandeur, persecution).
  • Hallucinations: false perceptions, like hearing voices.
  • Glutamate impairment linked with schizophrenia.
  • Delusions of grandeur: individual thinks they are the most important person, or even God.
  • Delusions of persecution: Feeling of being watched by the CIA.
  • Inappropriate emotions: Flat effect (no emotions), catatonia (rigid, staring, excessive movement), or disruptive social behavior.

Schizophrenia Statistics

  • Affects 1/250 people.
  • Onset between 15-30 years old.

Schizophrenia Symptoms

  • Positive symptoms: Addition of seeing and hearing things.
  • Negative symptoms: Social withdrawal and emotional flatness.

Types of Schizophrenia

  • Chronic (process) schizophrenia: Slow development, less chance of recovery.
  • Acute (reactive) schizophrenia: Reaction to stress, rapid onset, higher chance of recovery.

Dopamine

  • Too much leads to schizophrenia, too little to Parkinson's.

Brain and Schizophrenia

  • Less active frontal lobe, enlarged ventricles (reduced brain size).
  • Can be due to low birth weight, oxygen deprivation, trauma during pregnancy, older fathers, or flu during fetal stage.

Nurture and Schizophrenia

  • Environment plays a role, even with genetic predisposition.
  • For quadruplets with schizophrenia, the favorite child had fewer symptoms than the least favorite.

Personality Disorders: Cluster A

  • Odd or eccentric behaviors: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal.
  • Lack of social skills.

Personality Disorders: Cluster B

  • Dramatic, emotional, or erratic: antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline.
  • Histrionic: extreme emotional expression, need for attention.

Personality Disorders: Cluster C

  • Anxious or fearful: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive.

Sociopath vs. Psychopath

  • Sociopath: Erratic, uneducated, lacks social skills.
  • Psychopath: Educated, takes risks, controlled, manipulative.
  • Both have underactive frontal lobes.

Poverty and Mental Disorder

  • Poverty and sociocultural effects influence statistics on mental disorders. Those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds can have a better disorders rate due to a better gene pool.

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