Psychological Disorders and DSM Overview
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Questions and Answers

Define what a psychological disorder is.

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Describe the criteria psychologists use to distinguish “abnormal” (i.e., disordered) behavior from “normal” (or typical)? (Select all that apply)

  • Personal distress (correct)
  • Danger to self or others (correct)
  • Deviance from social norms (correct)
  • Impairment in functioning (correct)

Describe the study by Rosenhan (1973; Being Sane in Insane Places) and its major implications.

A study where healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals, faking a symptom of hearing voices. Despite behaving normally once inside, they were diagnosed with schizophrenia. This study highlights the influence of labeling on how doctors perceive and interpret behavior.

Which of the following are examples of factors that are considered in the biological theory of psychological disorders? (Select all that apply)

<p>Brain structures (A), Genes (C), Neurochemicals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of factors considered in the psychological theory of psychological disorders? (Select all that apply)

<p>Emotions (A), Behaviors (B), Traits (C), Thoughts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered in the sociocultural theory of psychological disorders? (Select all that apply)

<p>Immediate family (B), City/Country of residence (C), Romantic partnerships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the COVID pandemic influenced the rate of psychological disorders in the U.S. and worldwide?

<p>The likelihood of people developing psychological disorders increased due to the pandemic's impact on biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups of people were impacted more by the pandemic than others?

<p>People with unstable finances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stigma and how does it impact people who have psychological disorders?

<p>Stigma refers to the judgment or shame directed towards a person due to a particular characteristic, often impacting people with mental illness by making them feel devalued and isolated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does stigma worsen the mental illness for the stigmatized person? (Select all that apply)

<p>Makes them feel inferior to others (B), Makes them feel socially isolated (C), Increases their symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the DSM and who uses it?

<p>The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a guide for mental health professionals to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. It is utilized by all major mental health professionals and other professionals involved in mental health care in the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two models of psychological disorders outlined in the DSM?

<p>Dimensional model (B), Categorical model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define what anxiety disorders are and provide some examples.

<p>Anxiety disorders are a group of conditions characterized by persistent worry or fear, significantly impacting daily functioning. Examples include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

<p>Anxiety about a wide range of activities and situations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the symptoms of a specific phobia.

<p>A specific phobia is an intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation. This fear leads to avoidance behaviors and significant distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of social anxiety disorder?

<p>Intense fear of being judged (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define panic disorder.

<p>Panic disorder is characterized by sudden and intense episodes of anxiety that are often accompanied by physical symptoms like a racing heart, dizziness, and difficulty breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe agoraphobia.

<p>Agoraphobia is an intense fear of being in open places or situations where escape may be difficult. This fear often leads to avoidance behaviors and can significantly limit daily life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

<p>OCD involves intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that cause distress and are often accompanied by repetitive behaviors (compulsions) performed to relieve anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are anxiety disorders and OCD most common?

<p>United States (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anxiety disorders are more common in men than in women.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the triple vulnerability theory?

<p>The triple vulnerability theory suggests that a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the triple vulnerability theory?

<p>Environmental stressors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are depressive and bipolar disorders?

<p>These are a class of disorders characterized by extreme shifts in mood and emotional states that significantly disrupt daily functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common characteristics of major depressive disorder?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe persistent depressive disorder.

<p>Persistent depressive disorder is a milder form of depression, characterized by chronic low-grade mood symptoms that persist for at least two years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bipolar disorder?

<p>Bipolar disorder involves alternating between periods of extreme high moods (mania) and periods of low moods (depression).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a manic episode.

<p>A manic episode is a period of abnormally elevated mood, energy levels, and activity. Often characterized by feelings of euphoria, inflated self-esteem, and impulsive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of people have been diagnosed with a major depressive disorder at some point in their lives?

<p>20.8% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Major depressive disorder is more common in women than in men.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is schizophrenia?

<p>Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior, leading to distortions of reality and a breakdown of social functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of symptom associated with schizophrenia?

<p>Physical symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.

<p>Positive symptoms are additions to normal behavior like hallucinations or delusions. Negative symptoms involve the absence of expected behaviors such as apathy or lack of motivation. Cognitive symptoms involve a disruption in thinking, perception, and attention, affecting self-awareness and interactions with the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate prevalence rate of schizophrenia in the population?

<p>1% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define psychotherapy and biomedical therapy.

<p>Psychotherapy involves using psychological techniques to address mental health issues. Biomedical therapy focuses on using medications or medical procedures to treat mental health conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of psychodynamic therapy?

<p>Psychodynamic therapy aims to bring unconscious conflicts and impulses into conscious awareness so that they can be addressed and resolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a tool used in psychodynamic therapy?

<p>Behavioral modification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the core principles of person-centered therapy (also known as humanistic therapy).

<p>Person-centered therapy emphasizes creating a supportive and non-judgmental therapeutic environment where the client can explore their feelings, thoughts, and experiences without feeling pressured to conform to the therapist's expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean that person-centered therapy is nondirective?

<p>Nondirective therapy means that the therapist avoids imposing their own views, interpretations, or solutions on the client.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reflection in person-centered therapy?

<p>Reflection involves the therapist attentively listening to the client and then echoing back their feelings, thoughts, and experiences in a way that shows empathy and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core characteristic of a humanistic therapist?

<p>Directiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the basics of behavior therapy and its goal.

<p>Behavior therapy applies principles of learning (classical and operant conditioning) to address maladaptive behaviors. The goal is to modify problematic behaviors through techniques like exposure therapy or reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of exposure therapy?

<p>Reduce anxiety associated with feared stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define systematic desensitization.

<p>Systematic desensitization involves creating a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations and gradually exposing the client to those situations while teaching them relaxation techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe aversive conditioning.

<p>Aversive conditioning aims to reduce unwanted behaviors by pairing those behaviors with unpleasant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is participant modeling?

<p>Participant modeling involves showing the client how to cope with a feared situation using a model, and then encouraging the client to gradually participate in the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is counterconditioning?

<p>Counterconditioning involves replacing an unwanted response to a particular stimulus with a more desirable alternative response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the basics of cognitive therapy.

<p>Cognitive therapy focuses on identifying and modifying negative or distorted thoughts that contribute to emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ABCDE model in REBT?

<p>The ABCDE model stands for Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences, Dispute, and Effective new philosophy. It helps individuals to identify their irrational beliefs and challenge them, leading to more adaptive thoughts and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Beck's Cognitive Model.

<p>Beck's cognitive model suggests that people often develop negative thoughts (cognitive distortions) that influence their emotions and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cognitive distortion according to Beck's model?

<p>Rationalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how therapies are combined.

<p>Eclectic therapy involves combining different treatment methods from various schools of thought. Integrative therapy integrates elements from different approaches into a more comprehensive treatment plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common factors that contribute to the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

<p>Common factors include a strong therapeutic alliance, positive expectations, focused attention on the problem, and the development of new coping skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define cultural competence and cultural self-awareness.

<p>Cultural competence refers to the therapist's ability to work effectively with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Cultural self-awareness involves the therapist's recognition that their own cultural beliefs and experiences may influence their interactions with clients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is psychopharmacology?

<p>Psychopharmacology is the study of the use of medications to treat psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of medication used in psychopharmacology?

<p>Antivirals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the benefits and drawbacks of using psychopharmacological medications.

<p>Benefits include symptom relief and improved functioning. Drawbacks include side effects, potential for dependence, and interactions with other medications or substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

<p>TMS involves delivering magnetic pulses to specific areas of the brain. It is a noninvasive technique that can be used to treat conditions like depression and anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are attributions?

<p>Attributions are the explanations we make for our own behaviors and the behaviors of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error?

<p>The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize personal factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone else's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social influence?

<p>Social influence refers to the ways in which our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped by the presence of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define conformity.

<p>Conformity is the tendency to adjust our behavior or beliefs to match those of a group or social norm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Asch's classic study on conformity.

<p>Asch's Line Experiment demonstrated that individuals were willing to conform to a clear majority opinion, even when the majority's answer was obviously wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence conformity?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define normative conformity and informational conformity.

<p>Normative conformity stems from a desire to fit in and avoid social disapproval, whereas informational conformity occurs when we believe that others have more accurate information than we do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Milgram's classic study on obedience.

<p>Milgram's study demonstrated that participants were surprisingly willing to obey an authority figure, even when instructed to deliver what appeared to be painful electric shocks to another person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prejudice?

<p>Prejudice is a preconceived negative attitude or judgment about a person or group based solely on their membership in a particular group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are stereotypes?

<p>Stereotypes are overgeneralized beliefs or assumptions about a group of people that are often inaccurate or based on limited information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination?

<p>Discrimination is the unfair or biased treatment of an individual or group based on their membership in a particular group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the just-world hypothesis.

<p>The just-world hypothesis suggests that people believe that the world is a fair place where people get what they deserve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the scapegoat hypothesis.

<p>The scapegoat hypothesis proposes that people often vent their frustration and anger at a group or individual who is seen as an easy target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain social facilitation.

<p>Social facilitation refers to the tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks or tasks they are already good at when they are in the presence of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define social loafing.

<p>Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when they are working in a group compared to when they are working alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe deindividuation.

<p>Deindividuation is a state of reduced self-awareness and diminished feelings of personal responsibility that can occur when individuals are in a large group or when they are anonymous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define altruism.

<p>Altruism is the act of helping others with no expectation of personal gain or reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define prosocial behavior.

<p>Prosocial behavior is any action that is intended to help or benefit others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five steps involved in helping behavior?

<p>Interpret the event as an emergency (A), Assume responsibility (B), Know how to help (C), Help (D), Notice the event (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychological Disorder

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Deviance from Social Norms

Behavior that significantly differs from societal expectations.

Personal Distress

Significant emotional suffering caused by a behavior.

Impairment in Functioning

Difficulty performing everyday tasks due to a behavior.

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Danger (Psychological Disorder)

Behaviors potentially harmful to self or others.

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Rosenhan Study

Healthy individuals faking symptoms were admitted to mental hospitals, illustrating bias in diagnosis.

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Biological Theory

Psychological disorders stem from biological factors like brain structures, neurochemicals, and genes.

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Psychological Theory

Psychological disorders originate from thoughts, emotions, behaviors, or personality traits.

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Psychodynamic Theory

Unconscious feelings and thoughts drive psychological disorders.

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Behavioral Theory

Learned behaviors (through reinforcement and punishment) contribute to disorders.

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Cognitive Theory

Thought patterns and illogical thinking contribute to psychological disorders.

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Trait Theory

Personality traits may influence the development of psychological disorders.

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Sociocultural Theory

Social and cultural factors play a role in the development of disorders.

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Biopsychosocial Model

Multiple factors (biological, psychological, and social) cause psychological disorders.

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Stigma (Mental Illness)

Negative judgments and shame directed towards individuals with mental illnesses.

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DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Used for classifying mental illnesses.

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Anxiety Disorder

A group of disorders characterized by excessive worry or fear.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Excessive worry about various life events.

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Specific Phobia

Intense fear of a particular object or situation.

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Panic Disorder

Sudden, intense fear attacks without a clear trigger.

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Study Notes

Psychological Disorders

  • Psychological disorders are patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.
  • Criteria used to classify disorders include deviance from social norms, personal distress, impairment, and danger.
  • Rosenhan's study (1973) demonstrated the subjective nature of diagnoses, with healthy individuals misdiagnosed as mentally ill.
  • Biological, psychological, sociocultural, and biopsychosocial factors contribute to psychological disorders.
  • COVID-19 increased the likelihood of psychological disorders, particularly for those with unstable finances, jobs, or family relationships.
  • Stigma towards mental illness impacts people in four ways- creating judgement and shame.

Diagnostic Statistical Manual

  • The DSM is a manual used by mental health professionals to classify mental disorders.
  • It categorizes disorders using a categorical model (yes/no) or a dimensional model (e.g., degrees of symptoms).

Anxiety Disorders

  • Anxiety disorders are characterized by worry, apprehension, or fear.
  • Types include Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
  • Each disorder has specific symptoms and criteria.

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

  • Depressive disorders feature depressed moods, loss of interest, and other symptoms for at least two weeks.
  • Bipolar disorder involves alternating episodes of mania and depression.

Schizophrenia

  • Schizophrenia is characterized by bizarre disturbances in thinking, perception, feelings, and behavior.
  • Symptoms can be positive (e.g., delusions, hallucinations), negative (e.g., flat affect), or cognitive (e.g., disorganized thinking).

Treatment Approaches

  • Psychotherapy involves psychological techniques to address psychological issues or growth.
  • Biomedical therapy uses medications and procedures to directly affect the nervous system.
  • Different therapy types, including psychodynamic, person-centered, behavior, and cognitive therapies, have distinct approaches and goals.

Social Psychology

  • Attributions are explanations for behavior.
  • The fundamental attribution error is overemphasizing dispositional factors and underestimating situational factors.
  • Social influence includes conformity, obedience, prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination.
  • Factors influencing group decision making, such as social facilitation and groupthink, are explained.
  • Altruism and prosocial behavior are explored, including factors that influence helping behavior and bystander effect.

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Description

This quiz explores the nature of psychological disorders, including their classification and contributing factors. It also examines the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) and its role in diagnosing mental health issues. Additionally, the impact of societal stigma and the influence of recent events, like COVID-19, are discussed.

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