Psychobiologic Bases of Behavior

Psychobiologic Bases of Behavior

• Neuroscience studies the brain and nervous system structure and function
• Neuroscientists explore molecular biology, human behavior, and cognition to understand the brain
• Neuroanatomy focuses on the structure and organization of the nervous system
• Neurophysiology studies nerve cells or neurons
• Neurons transmit and receive information via chemical messengers and electrical impulses

Cerebrum

• The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain
• It controls voluntary muscular movements
• It is divided into two hemispheres
• the left hemisphere controls activities on the body's right side.
• Left hemisphere functions include verbal language, receptive and expressive speech, sequencing, understanding numeric symbols, and verbal learning/memory
• the right hemisphere controls activities on the body's left side.
• Right hemisphere functions include non-verbal communication, speech intonation, music aspects, facial recognition, emotional expression, and non-verbal learning/memory

Cerebral Cortex

• The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's outermost layer, made of gray matter (cell bodies and dendrites)
• It is primarily involved in consciousness
• The cortex has four lobes; frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
• The frontal lobe is responsible for personality, mood, insight, judgment, reasoning, concept formation, problem-solving, abstraction and self-evaluation
• Frontal lobe alterations can affect mood and personality
• The Parietal lobe contains primary sensory areas processing taste, touch, temperature, movement and language (reading)
• The Temporal lobe handles primary auditory and olfactory functions, including Wernicke's area for receptive speech and sensory/visual information
• The hippocampus contributes to memory
• The Occipital lobe processes visual information, including visual integration, color vision, object and facial recognition, and motion perception
• Damage to the occipital lobe can cause blindness

Limbic System

• The limbic system is integral for memory and emotional behavior
• Changes in the limbic system have links to mental disorders like schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety
• Basic emotions, needs, drives, and instincts are modulated in the limbic system
• It is involved in processing hate, love, anger, aggression, caring and memory
• The hippocampus stores information, especially emotional memories and is central to creating filing memories
• The hippocampus consolidates information from short-term to long-term memory
• Deterioration of nerves in the hippocampus can lead to memory dysfunction, such as Alzheimer's

Thalamus

• The regulatory structure relays sensory information
• The thalamus acts as the brain's relay-switching center and helps control electrical activity in the cortex
• It is responsible for sensory processing, movement, emotion, and memory
• Damage to a small area of the thalamus may produce deficits in many cortical functioning thus cause behavioral abnormalities

Hypothalamus

• The hypothalamus regulates basic human activities
• It regulates body temperature, sleep, wakefulness, stress hormones, and physical drives like hunger and sex
• The pituitary gland (master gland) is connected to the ventral hypothalamus
• It is involved in cortisol release
• The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulates aspects of the endocrine system

Amygdala

• The Amygdala supports in emotional responses and storing emotional aspects into memory
• Directly connected to the brain's centers of smell
• The Amygdala modulates aggression and sexuality
• Erratic firing or alterations in amygdala nerve cells are associated with bipolar mood disorders

Cerebellum

• The Cerebellum, latin for "little brain", involves grey and white matter
• Cerebellum controls regulates movement, learning physical tasks, balance, and posture

Brain Stem

• The brain stem has three parts; midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
• The Midbrain is the highest part of the brainstem responsible for certain reflexes, visual/auditory information and controlling eye movement
• The Pons connects different parts of the brain, including the cerebellum/cerebral cortex and contains endpoints of cranial nerves linking the face/brain
• The Medulla Oblongata is the lowest part of the brainstem involved in involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, blinking, digestion, blood pressure, and some involuntary reflexes

Neurons

• Neurons are the brain's fundamental building block for information transmission
• Approximately 10 billion neurons receive, organize, and transmit information
• Each neuron has a cell body called soma, and the soma holds the nucleus with genetic information
• Neurons connect via branch-like dendrites that receive incoming signals
• Neurons must be fully activated to communicate
• The outgoing signals are transmitted through axon terminals
• Neurons connect using electrical signals called action potential

Neurotransmitters

-Neurotransmitters are chemical molecules that pass in between the neurons, and allow neurons to transmit information -Excitatory neurotransmitters promote brain activation -Inhibitory neurotransmitters reduce activation

Types of Neurotransmitters:

• Acetylcholine controls muscles, hormone secretion, and cognitive function
• Loss of acetylcholine may be seen on Alzheimer’s disease
• Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) functions in the sympathetic nervous system and the "fight-or-flight" response
• Dopamine helps regulate reward behavior, mood and body movements
• Loss of dopamine results to or may be seen on Parkinson’s disease
• Serotonin plays a role in sleep initiation, appetite, mood, temperature control, and other functions
• Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in various functions
• GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a wide spread inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in an array of functions

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SSRIs

• SSRIs are a type of depression medication
• SSRIs are prescribed for clinical depression
• SSRIs increases level of serotonin

Concepts of Mental Health and Mental Illness

• Mental health involves realizing one's abilities, coping with life's stresses, working productively, and contributing to the community (WHO)
• It includes emotional and psychological well-being, handling stress, relating to others, and making choices
• Good mental health relates to psychological, emotional, and social well-being
• A green ribbon is the symbolism of mental health

Affecting Factors of Mental Health

Individual Attributes and Behaviors

Relates to innate self and learned abilities like thoughts, feelings, daily activities, and self-management, involving emotional and social intelligence Internally & emotionally response

• Reflects how one responds internally and emotionally Capacity to interact with the social is needed
• Capacity to deal with the social world, respect others' views, and take social responsibility is necessary
• Influenced by genetics/heredity like chromosomal abnormalities, intellectual disability, or prenatal exposure
• Social skills impact relationship maintenance, with a tendency to be demanding, entitled or submissive
• Internal mental narratives can be powerful

Social and Economic Circumstances

• Influenced by immediate surroundings and relationships
• Affects access to education, opportunity, and income
• Wider geopolitical and cultural context influences community mental health
• Cultural beliefs, inequality, and discrimination
• Affected by financial status
• Peers, internet use and lack of education can cause depression, insecurity, and suicide

Environmental Factor

• Consists of country, cities, and available community support
• Lack of mental health resources
• Stigma and peer pressure creates negative impact
• Discrimination can stop person from asking for help for their heath
• High cost of treatment, care and attention

Mental Illness

• Mental illness involves changes in emotion, thinking, or behavior

Mental Health Statistics

• Leading suicide cause ofdeath
• Suicide is second leading suicide cause ofdeath among ages 15-29 years old
• 450M suffer from psych disorders
• 3.6M Filipinos suffers from mentalhealth and during the pandemic, increased especially with health care professionals (HCP)

Mental Health Professionals

Psychiatrist

• Psychiatrist is medical doctor
• They can assess, diagnose, prescribe medications, and provide therapy
• Psychiatrist specializes in medical aspects like psychiatry

Psychologist

• Psychologist is guidance counselor
• They can provide psychotherapy and counseling but cannot prescribe medications
• Works with the patient

History of Psychiatric Mental Health

• In the past, mental illness was attributed to crime, sin, demonic possession, or breaking laws/codes
• Trephining was a common procedure

Trephining

• Trephining is drilling holes in the skull to release evil causing mental illness
• Trephining was performed before mental illness management

Hippocrates

• Hippocrates was a Greek scientist
• He became father of medicine
• He viewed mind/body as a single entities
• Credited for being great physician
• Hippocrates designed Hippocratic oath oath

Historical Perspective

Early Christian Times

• Mental illness viewed as evil possession

St. Mary of Bethlehem/Bethlehem Royal Hospital

• Visitors charged fees to view/ridicule inmates in 1975
• Hospital officially declared as hospitals for the insane

Period of enlightenment

• Phillipe Pine and William Tukes formulated the formula of asylum
• Asylum is where people with mentalillness are treated humanely
• Tukes treatment as human as possible

Scientific study

• Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis research
• Emil Kraepelin developed classified mental disorders by their signs/symptoms
• Eugene Bleuler contributed on understandingpsych disorders, development of psychopharmacology and coined terms:schizophrenia, autism, schizoid

Development of Psychopharmacology

• Dorothea Lynde Dix began treatment reform for mental illness and treated them as human
• She believed people with mental health should be considered as humans and confined
• Organized 32 hospitals, and transferred those from asylum and jails
• Florence Nightingale had Holistic view of a patient that lives within a family and community

First Hospital for the Mentally Ill

• Public hospital designated for persons of insane/disordered minds
• Colonial Williamsburg, VA Location

Important Milestones

• first mental hospital built in US during 1773 in Williamsburg, Virginia
• Philip Pinel freed mentally ill patients from confinement in Bicetre Hospital outside of Paris
• Significant event of 1793; the first revolution in psychiatry

1800s of Psychiatry

• Benjamin Rush's, American psychiatry, wrote first book of psychiatry in 1812
• Published personal hospital experiences, Clifford Beers, "The Mind That found itself" in 1812
• Human treatment developed due to kindness, compassion, care in the late 18th century
• A Swiss psychiatrist, Eugene Bleuler, coined Schizophrenia in 1912
• Insulin shock introduced during 1927
• Used frontal lobotomy advocated for management of psychiatric disorder of 1936
• ECT Electro Convulsive Therapy was used of 1938
• Psychoanalytic theory led by Sigmund Freud in 1939 offered assistance with mental illness
• Lithium first used in 1949
• Revolutionized by Chlorpromazine in 1952

Psychiatry During 20th Century

• Biological view was developed
• Psychological view was developed

Mental Illness in the 21st Century

• Treatments and medications became developed
• Social stigma developed
• Development of medication
• Pschotherapy became developed

Mental Health In United States

• Importance of community
• MHA Mental Health Act officially recognized June 21, 2018
• Freedom ,right and respect among mental health
• Number percentages within Philippines relating to mental health concerns

MENTAL HEALTH CARE DElIVERY SYSTEM

• Facilites are present within Philippines
• Factors of socio culture
• Programmes created and developed

PROGRAM PH

• Consist of SDGs
• Consisting of protective factors
• Experience within medical fields
• Wellness programmes and control among children, within environment

Enhancement of health

• Enhancement within HFE
• Calendar recognition

Statistics

• People facing struggles with mental health throughout community

HUMAN BEHAVIOR

• Capacity in physical, mental activities throughout life

• Factors of human behavior

• Sigmund freud, psychoanalysis

  • Impulsive and immediate reactions known as ID
  • Mediated between unreasonable ideals known as realism
  • Consisting conscience and ideals throughout

• Factors that reward enforcements and other enforcements

• Goal to reach and maintain kindness and help

• Maslow needs - Hierarchy - Psychological need -Safety -Love and belongingness -Self worth and respect -Self actualization

• Intelligence changes during childhood, jean paigeat models

• Neurological changes such as neuron impairments create behavioural changes

Sigmund fued analysis of mind consist of

• unconscious
• conscious
• sub conscious

Protection

• Denial
• Projection -Displacement
• Regression
• Sublimation

stages includes

• oral - anal

  • phallic

• to avoid fixations requires stages maintained

• exhibstionist can be used based on sexuality desires

Strategies of disorders

Stress is caused by fight or flight as a coping style Causes can be measured by hormones Active and relaxation tactics Strategies include humour Includes relaxation with exercises and daily management of health

Psych Disorders such as Schizophrenia

• Characterized by distortions in thought and action
• Factors that contribute to disorder -Genetic -Structure
• Psychological
• Stigma is related with disorder

Hallucinations and delusions With visual and audio signs Patients must show high anxiety and be weary With the same ideas as mentioned To not show to the patient anything that can be deemed dangerous To keep them consistent with treatment Not to show or express ideas that are dangerous to patient To show love and care to patient

Other disorders such as

• Schizo
• affective and phobic
• disorder

Brief phoric

Disorders such as

• Anxitey
• Phobia

-Generalized

-OCD

• Post tramautic

Form disorders

• pain

-Hypochondria

-Related is

-Malinering

- Factititous

- Malingering

-Intentional production caused by illness -To be taken and cared for

Dys

-function

-Dissorciation

Mood disorders and depression

-Characterized and categorized by depression and by depression -May show extreme sadness and loneliness -Or may go into maniac state or other stated

Personality disorders consist of

Antisocial

Avoident

Borderline

-Narcastic

Etc all those personalities are what make a person and a diagnosis There not treatable But manageable

cognitive abilities and and functions All abnormalities here related to mental impairments And disorders like memory and trauma Can lead to cognitive Can be expressed in many different ways And it can be a result or lead to dementia Can be caused by disorders

Different Is bad And so they cant be treated.