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According to Jung's collective unconscious, what is shared among all humans due to a common ancestral past?
What is a key aspect of Horney's neo-Freudian perspective?
What motivates humans, according to Alfred Adler?
What is a result of not overcoming feelings of inadequacy developed in childhood, according to Adler?
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What is a characteristic of the ego, according to Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts?
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What is an archetype, according to Jung?
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What is the term for the gap between what children already know and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves?
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According to Vygotsky, what is the primary driver of cognitive development?
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What is the term for the state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world from their own point of view?
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What is the term for the type of intelligence that declines in late adulthood?
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What is the term for the process by which a young animal attaches to the first moving object it observes?
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What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual?
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What is the name of the theory that describes the changes in moral reasoning as a three-level, six-stage sequence?
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What is the term for the level of moral development characterized by judging right and wrong based on punishments and rewards?
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What is the term for the strategy used to support learning, especially in children?
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According to Erikson's theory, what is the focus of psychosocial development?
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What is the primary purpose of the id according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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What is the function of the ego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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What is the role of the superego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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What is the result of threats to the balance between the ego, superego, and id?
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What is the primary defense mechanism used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety?
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What is the criticism of Freud's theory that the first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as he thought?
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What is the criticism of Freud's theory that the Oedipus complex is not as universal as he maintained?
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What is the criticism of Freud's theory that individual case studies seem supportive, but there is a lack of conclusive evidence?
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According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind?
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What is the psychoanalytic approach to personality?
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Study Notes
Personality: Characteristic Ways of Thinking, Feeling, and Behaving
- Personality is the characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Psychodynamic Perspective
- Psychodynamic approaches to personality assume that personality is primarily unconscious.
- Motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
- Psychoanalytic theory: Unconscious forces act as determinants of personality.
- Conscious: Part of the personality that you are aware of in any given instance.
- Unconscious: Part of the personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.
- Unconsciousness consists of:
- Preconscious: non-threatening material that is easily brought to mind.
- Drives: instinctual wishes, desires, demands, and needs hidden from awareness because of the conflict and pain they would cause.
Structuring Personality
- Id: instinctual, unorganized, inborn part of personality.
- Sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses.
- Pleasure principle.
- Ego: part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the realities of the objective, outside world.
- Reality principle.
- Executive of personality.
- Superego: personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior.
- Includes the conscience, which prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way.
- Makes us feel guilty if we do wrong.
Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages
- Psychosexual stages: Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.
- Fixations: Concerns or conflicts that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.
Defense Mechanisms
- Threats to the balance between the ego, superego, and id can result in anxiety.
- Anxiety results in the ego using defense mechanisms to protect itself.
- Defense mechanisms: Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves.
- Repression: Primary defense mechanism.
- Ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious.
Evaluating Freud's Legacy
- Individual case studies seem supportive, but there is a lack of conclusive evidence, showing that personality is structured consistent with Freud's theory.
- Sexuality is not the pervasive force that Freud believed it to be.
- The Oedipus complex is not as universal as Freud maintained.
- The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought.
- Later experiences warrant attention.
- The ego and conscious thought processes play a larger role in personality than Freud believed.
- Observations and theory were derived from a limited population.
- Sociocultural factors are much more important than Freud believed.
The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud
- Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points.
- Emphasized the functions of the ego.
- Suggested that it has more control than the id over day-to-day activities.
Jung's Collective Unconscious
- Collective unconscious: Inherited set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past.
- Collective unconscious vs personal unconscious.
- Collective unconscious contains archetypes.
- Archetypes: Universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences.
Horney's Neo-Freudian Perspective
- Suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships.
- Depends on the relationship between parents and child.
- Rejected Freud's notion of penis envy in women.
- Stressed the importance of cultural factors in the determination of personality.
Adler and the Other Neo-Freudians
- Alfred Adler: Proposed that the primary human motivation is striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection.
- Birth order plays an important role in personality.
- Inferiority complex: Describes adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inadequacy they developed as children.
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Psychosocial development: Development of individuals' interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society.
Development of Social Behavior
- Attachment: Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.
- Konrad Lorenz: Focused on newborn goslings and labeled a process called imprinting.
- Imprinting: Behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object observed.
Harry Harlow's Study on Attachment
- Wire monkey versus cloth monkey.
Assessing Attachment
- Ainsworth strange situation: Involving a child and caregiver (typically mother).
- Securely attached children.
- Avoidant children.
- Resistant (Ambivalent) children.
- Disorganized-disoriented children.
Father's Role
- Number of fathers who are primary caregivers for their children has grown significantly.
- Engage in more physical, rough-and-tumble activities.
- Nature of attachment to children can be similar to that of mother's.
Moral and Cognitive Development
- Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
- Suggests that the changes in moral reasoning can be understood as a three-level, six-stage sequence.
- Preconventional morality: Use probability of rewards and punishments to judge right and wrong.
- Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation.
- Moral thinking tied to punishment.
- Children obey because they fear punishment.
- Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange.
- Pursuing own interests is the right thing to do, others do the same.
- What is right involves equal exchange, e.g.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of psychoanalysis, its limitations, and the contributions of Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts. It explores their ideas on the role of the ego and sociocultural factors in psychology.
