Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: What is True?

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

According to Jung's collective unconscious, what is shared among all humans due to a common ancestral past?

Cognitive biases and heuristics

Inherited set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols (correct)

Personal experiences and memories

Emotional responses to social situations

What is a key aspect of Horney's neo-Freudian perspective?

The role of the id in shaping personality

The importance of the Oedipus complex

The impact of social relationships on personality development (correct)

The role of the superego in moral development

What motivates humans, according to Alfred Adler?

The need for self-actualization

The striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection (correct)

The pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain

The desire for social recognition and approval

What is a result of not overcoming feelings of inadequacy developed in childhood, according to Adler?

Inferiority complex Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the ego, according to Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts?

It has more control than the id over day-to-day activities Signup and view all the answers

What is an archetype, according to Jung?

A universal symbolic representation of a particular type of person, object, idea, or experience Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the gap between what children already know and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves?

Zone of proximal development Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what is the primary driver of cognitive development?

Social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world from their own point of view?

Adolescent egocentrism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of intelligence that declines in late adulthood?

Fluid intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a young animal attaches to the first moving object it observes?

Imprinting Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual?

Attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the theory that describes the changes in moral reasoning as a three-level, six-stage sequence?

Kohlberg's theory of moral development Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the level of moral development characterized by judging right and wrong based on punishments and rewards?

Preconventional morality Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the strategy used to support learning, especially in children?

Scaffolding Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's theory, what is the focus of psychosocial development?

Social interactions and understanding of oneself and others Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the id according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

To reduce tension created by primitive drives Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

To provide a buffer between the id and the realities of the objective, outside world Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the superego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

To harshly judge the morality of our behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of threats to the balance between the ego, superego, and id?

Anxiety, which can lead to the use of defense mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary defense mechanism used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety?

Repression Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism of Freud's theory that the first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as he thought?

Later experiences do warrant attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism of Freud's theory that the Oedipus complex is not as universal as he maintained?

The Oedipus complex is not as universal as Freud maintained Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism of Freud's theory that individual case studies seem supportive, but there is a lack of conclusive evidence?

Individual case studies seem supportive, but there is a lack of conclusive evidence Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind?

The conscious mind is a part of the unconscious mind Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychoanalytic approach to personality?

Assumes that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality: Characteristic Ways of Thinking, Feeling, and Behaving

Personality is the characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Psychodynamic approaches to personality assume that personality is primarily unconscious.
Motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychoanalytic theory: Unconscious forces act as determinants of personality.
Conscious: Part of the personality that you are aware of in any given instance.
Unconscious: Part of the personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.
Unconsciousness consists of:
- Preconscious: non-threatening material that is easily brought to mind.
- Drives: instinctual wishes, desires, demands, and needs hidden from awareness because of the conflict and pain they would cause.

Structuring Personality

Id: instinctual, unorganized, inborn part of personality.
Sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses.
Pleasure principle.
Ego: part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the realities of the objective, outside world.
Reality principle.
Executive of personality.
Superego: personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior.
Includes the conscience, which prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way.
Makes us feel guilty if we do wrong.

Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages

Psychosexual stages: Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.
Fixations: Concerns or conflicts that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.

Defense Mechanisms

Threats to the balance between the ego, superego, and id can result in anxiety.
Anxiety results in the ego using defense mechanisms to protect itself.
Defense mechanisms: Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves.
Repression: Primary defense mechanism.
Ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious.

Evaluating Freud's Legacy

Individual case studies seem supportive, but there is a lack of conclusive evidence, showing that personality is structured consistent with Freud's theory.
Sexuality is not the pervasive force that Freud believed it to be.
The Oedipus complex is not as universal as Freud maintained.
The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought.
Later experiences warrant attention.
The ego and conscious thought processes play a larger role in personality than Freud believed.
Observations and theory were derived from a limited population.
Sociocultural factors are much more important than Freud believed.

The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud

Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points.
Emphasized the functions of the ego.
Suggested that it has more control than the id over day-to-day activities.

Jung's Collective Unconscious

Collective unconscious: Inherited set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past.
Collective unconscious vs personal unconscious.
Collective unconscious contains archetypes.
Archetypes: Universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences.

Horney's Neo-Freudian Perspective

Suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships.
Depends on the relationship between parents and child.
Rejected Freud's notion of penis envy in women.
Stressed the importance of cultural factors in the determination of personality.

Adler and the Other Neo-Freudians

Alfred Adler: Proposed that the primary human motivation is striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection.
Birth order plays an important role in personality.
Inferiority complex: Describes adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inadequacy they developed as children.

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial development: Development of individuals' interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society.

Attachment: Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.
Konrad Lorenz: Focused on newborn goslings and labeled a process called imprinting.
Imprinting: Behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object observed.

Harry Harlow's Study on Attachment

Wire monkey versus cloth monkey.

Assessing Attachment

Ainsworth strange situation: Involving a child and caregiver (typically mother).
Securely attached children.
Avoidant children.
Resistant (Ambivalent) children.
Disorganized-disoriented children.

Father's Role

Number of fathers who are primary caregivers for their children has grown significantly.
Engage in more physical, rough-and-tumble activities.
Nature of attachment to children can be similar to that of mother's.

Moral and Cognitive Development

Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Suggests that the changes in moral reasoning can be understood as a three-level, six-stage sequence.
Preconventional morality: Use probability of rewards and punishments to judge right and wrong.
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation.
Moral thinking tied to punishment.
Children obey because they fear punishment.
Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange.
Pursuing own interests is the right thing to do, others do the same.
What is right involves equal exchange, e.g.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the basics of psychoanalysis, its limitations, and the contributions of Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts. It explores their ideas on the role of the ego and sociocultural factors in psychology.

Psychoanalysis and Neo-Freudians

Choose a study mode