Questions and Answers
Which theorist is NOT considered a neo-Freudian?
According to the psychoanalytic approach, personality:
is formed by processes that are outside of a person's awareness.
The id operates according to the _____ principle, while the ego is regulated by the _____ principle.
pleasure; reality
What is the CORRECT sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development?
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In his book The Interpretation of Dreams, _____ described how unconscious thoughts, feelings, and wishes are often reflected in acts of forgetting, inadvertent slips of the tongue, accidents, and errors.
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According to Freud, this part of the personality contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives.
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Jacob's actions are BEST explained by:
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Sigmund Freud highlighted the importance of:
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According to Freud, the _____ contains information that, while not currently in conscious awareness, is still easily accessible.
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The collective unconscious, according to Jung, could be described as:
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Professor Kelly MOST likely studies _____ theory.
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According to psychoanalytic theory, the mental process of self-deception that an individual uses to guard against anxiety is called:
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According to Freud, Nathan has probably fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development due to some unresolved conflict.
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Dr. Gonzales' research emphasizes learning and conscious processes; which perspective MOST closely matches his research?
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According to the psychodynamic approach, activities such as football and dancing are a form of _____ and allow unconscious wishes and desires to be transformed into socially acceptable behaviors.
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The defense mechanism that excludes all anxiety-producing thoughts is called:
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Adler would probably have said that Mr. Ricell has a(n):
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This defense mechanism offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
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Dr. Reynolds' work emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals; which perspective MOST closely matches his research?
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Young children resolve the Oedipus conflict by wanting to be as much like the same-sex parent as possible; this reflects a defense mechanism called:
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Seven-year-old Sean is probably in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
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Dr. Plater endorses the _____ perspective on personality.
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What are defense mechanisms?
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While some of Freud's psychoanalytic principles have been hard to prove true, some have been substantiated, including that:
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Bruce's response to his doctor BEST illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
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Personality refers to:
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Tatiana may be using the defense mechanism known as:
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What is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person that nurtures growth in others?
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Because it pays more attention to environmental influences, the _____ approach to personality differs from the other perspectives discussed in the textbook.
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Carl Rogers emphasized the role of _____ in personality development.
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One of the arguments made against the social cognitive perspective on personality is its:
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The humanistic perspective of personality emphasizes the growth potential of:
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Karlene's personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events; Bandura called this process:
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Sasha's observation about basic human nature supports the _____ perspective and is a criticism of the _____ perspective.
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In terms of academic ability, Liz MOST likely has high:
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When Elena began therapy, her therapist asked her to describe herself as she would ideally like to be and as she actually is; he explained that, when these two descriptions are nearly alike, the person is thought to have a positive:
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Yolande is exhibiting:
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Dr. Gibney is MOST likely a proponent of:
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The person MOST likely to agree with this parenting approach, including the use of unconditional positive regard, is:
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The _____ theory of personality represents an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and fulfillment of a person's unique potential.
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The _____ theory of personality emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals.
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An individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are referred to as his or her:
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In psychoanalytic theory, ______ is the ego defense mechanism that unconsciously shifts the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous.
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Ideas about basic anxiety and womb envy were proposed by the German-born American psychoanalyst ______.
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Alfred Adler would probably have said that Mr. Rice has a(n):
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American psychologist ______ developed a theory of personality that focused on the inherent worth of people.
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According to the textbook Critical Thinking box titled, 'Freud Versus Rogers on Human Nature,' Sasha's observation about basic human nature supports the _____ perspective and is a criticism of the _____ perspective.
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Carl Rogers suggested that ______ develops when a person is valued and loved only if he or she behaves in a way that is acceptable to others.
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According to ______, human functioning is caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
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Juan's confidence in his ability to handle mechanical problems shows his:
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One of the arguments made against the social cognitive perspective on personality is its:
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David would be classified as:
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A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way is called:
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Which of the following is NOT a criticism of trait theories of personality?
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Raffi has been given the:
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Yolanda is preparing the test to be given to a very large, representative sample of people in order for norms to be established; her work is being done for the purpose of ascertaining:
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Dr. Welch is MOST likely to note that the key strengths of the MMPI and the 16PF are that:
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Study Notes
Neo-Freudian Theorists
- Abraham Maslow is not classified as a neo-Freudian.
Psychoanalytic Approach
- Personality is shaped by unconscious processes.
- The id is driven by the pleasure principle, while the ego operates under the reality principle.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
- The correct order of stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
Dream Analysis
- Sigmund Freud's "The Interpretation of Dreams" discusses how unconscious thoughts and feelings affect behavior.
Structure of Personality
- The id contains unconscious psychic energy related to basic drives; defense mechanisms like repression and rationalization manage anxiety.
Identification and Role Models
- Jacob's behavior exemplifies identification with parental figures.
Importance of the Unconscious
- Freud emphasized the significance of unconscious mental processes.
Preconscious Mind
- The preconscious holds accessible information that is not currently conscious.
Jung's Collective Unconscious
- Jung described the collective unconscious as shared human experiences shaping the psyche.
Personality Research Perspectives
- Professor Kelly studies personality focusing on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Dr. Gonzales supports the social cognitive perspective emphasizing learning and conscious processes.
Defense Mechanisms
- Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety; repression excludes anxiety-provoking thoughts.
Psychosexual Fixation
- Nathan's behaviors suggest a fixation at the oral stage due to unresolved conflicts.
Social Cognitive Perspective
- Dr. Plater's perspective on personality stresses learned behaviors and self-regulation.
Sublimation in Action
- Activities like sports can serve as sublimation, redirecting unconscious desires.
Self-Concept and Actualization
- Carl Rogers emphasized unconditional positive regard and the role it plays in a healthy self-concept.
Inequities in Theory
- The social-cognitive perspective is criticized for ignoring unconscious influences and emotions.
The Humanistic Perspective
- Stresses potential growth in healthy individuals, viewing personality development constructively.
Reciprocal Determinism
- Bandura's concept highlights the interplay of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors in shaping personality.
Critiques of Human Nature
- Discussions contrast the aggressive aspects of human nature with optimistic humanistic views.
Self-Efficacy
- Liz's academic confidence signifies high self-efficacy, a key concept in Bandura’s work.
Conditional vs. Unconditional Positive Regard
- Conditional positive regard involves acceptance based on behavior, directly contrasting with Rogers' idea of unconditional positive regard.
Alfred Adler's Contributions
- Adler discussed concepts like the superiority complex, linked to exaggerated self-importance.
Trait Approach to Personality
- Concentrates on stable characteristics or traits that guide behavior.
Standardization in Personality Testing
- Yolanda's work focuses on gathering samples for norm establishment, crucial in psychological testing.
Thematic Apperception Test
- The TAT prompts storytelling to reveal underlying feelings and motives.
Strengths of Personality Assessments
- Tools like the MMPI and 16PF are advantageous due to their objectivity and standardized scoring.
Eysenck's Personality Types
- David’s personality aligns with the introverted-neurotic classification.
Key Definitions
- Traits are consistent behavioral predispositions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principles of psychoanalysis and the contributions of neo-Freudian theorists. This quiz covers topics such as the structure of personality, Freud's psychosexual stages, and dream analysis, providing a comprehensive overview of these psychological theories.