Psychiatry Basics Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is characterized by excessive variations in mood without any apparent reason?

Anhedonia

Labile mood (correct)

Dysphoria

Affective flattening

Which type of hallucination occurs while falling asleep?

Pseudohallucination

Hypnopompic hallucination

Hypnagogic hallucination (correct)

Reflex hallucination

In which condition is anhedonia most commonly seen?

Schizophrenia (correct)

Mania

Anxiety disorders

Narcolepsy

Pseudohallucinations differ from true hallucinations in that they are perceived where?

Inner and subjective space Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a lack of emotional response often observed in schizophrenia?

Affective flattening Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroanatomical structure is primarily involved in the generation of emotions?

Limbic system Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive disturbance is characterized by a loss of connection between components of the same thought?

Loosening of association Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hallucination occurs upon waking up?

Hypnopompic hallucination Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of treatment for a first episode of schizophrenia?

At least 1 year Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antipsychotic is more likely to cause extrapyramidal symptoms?

Typical antipsychotics Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism do atypical antipsychotics primarily target?

D2 and 5HT2 antagonism Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients with schizophrenia are estimated to die by suicide?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antipsychotics is classified as a Butyrophenone?

Haloperidol Signup and view all the answers

What common side effect is characterized by an inner sense of restlessness?

Acute akathisia Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antipsychotics is more prone to cause metabolic side effects?

Atypical antipsychotics Signup and view all the answers

Propranolol is considered the drug of choice (DOC) for which side effect of antipsychotic treatment?

Acute akathisia Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of the delusion of negation?

Denying the existence of one's body Signup and view all the answers

Which statement exemplifies the delusion of enormity?

I can't leave the house because I might sneeze and cause destruction. Signup and view all the answers

What does an inability to accurately repeat a sequence of digits indicate?

Defective attention Signup and view all the answers

In the digit backward test, what is assessed?

Memory of sequential information Signup and view all the answers

What might a patient with severe depression claim?

Their internal organs have rotted Signup and view all the answers

What type of delusion involves a belief that one is causing disastrous events through their behavior?

Delusion of enormity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the delusion of misidentification?

Misunderstanding the identity of others Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attention, what happens when a patient cannot repeat a simple sequence of numbers correctly?

It may suggest underlying psychological issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the components in a Mental Status Examination (MSE)?

Examination of mood and affect Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hallucinations from illusions?

Hallucinations occur in the absence of any stimulus, while illusions involve false perceptions of real objects. Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a long-term emotional state?

Mood Signup and view all the answers

What type of mood is characterized by excessive happiness without any clear reason?

Euphoria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a property of hallucinations?

They are always experienced in the presence of an object. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of MSE, what does the term 'affect' refer to?

A short-lived expression of internal emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of euphoria in psychiatric conditions?

It occurs without an apparent reason. Signup and view all the answers

How can affect and mood be differentiated in clinical observation?

Mood is stable and long-term, while affect is fleeting and external. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic behavior of someone suffering from separation anxiety disorder?

Reluctance to leave prominent attachment figures Signup and view all the answers

In separation anxiety disorder, what physical symptoms might a child experience?

Headache or abdominal pain Signup and view all the answers

What type of treatment is commonly used for separation anxiety disorder?

Antidepressants and CBT Signup and view all the answers

How does a patient with obsessions differ from one with delusions in terms of belief?

Obsessive patients usually doubt their thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

What fear is often associated with separation in children with separation anxiety disorder?

Fear that something bad will happen to attachment figures Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a compulsion in individuals with obsessive thoughts?

Performing repetitive mental acts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the experience of anxiety in separation anxiety disorder?

Anxiety is triggered by a fear of separation from attachment figures. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a delusion from an obsession in terms of belief?

Delusions are believed to be true by the patient. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basics of Psychiatry

Frontal lobe is essential for control and regulation of emotions.

Components of MSE (Mental Status Examination)

Mood and Affect:
- Mood: Sustained emotional state; long-term.
- Affect: External expression of internal emotions; often short-lived.
Perception:
- Disturbances include:
  - Illusions: Misinterpretation of real stimuli (e.g., mistaking a rope for a snake).
  - Hallucinations: Perception without any actual stimulus (e.g., seeing nonexistent snakes).
    - Characteristics of hallucinations include:
      - Occur without sensory stimulus.
      - Vivid as real perceptions.
      - Experienced externally, not under conscious control.
  - Pseudohallucinations: Similar to hallucinations but perceived internally (e.g., voices originating from one’s mind).

Specific Types of Disturbed Mood

Euphoria: Excessive happiness often seen in mania.
Dysphoria: Irritability or restlessness, notably in mania.
Labile Mood: Rapid and unpredictable changes in mood without clear cause.
Affective Flattening: Diminished emotional response, common in schizophrenia.
Anhedonia: Inability to feel pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, often seen in depression.

Neuroanatomy of Emotions

Generation of Emotions: Primarily involves the limbic system, including the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus.

Cognitive Disturbances

Loosening of Association: Disconnection between thought components.
Delusion Types:
- Delusion of Negation: Denial of existence of oneself or the world.
- Delusion of Enormity: Belief that one’s actions will lead to catastrophic results.
- Delusion of Misidentification: Distrust in one’s own identity, suggestive of serious mental illness.

Hallucinations and Treatment

Specific Hallucinations:
- Hypnagogic: Occur when falling asleep, often associated with narcolepsy.
- Hypnopompic: Occur upon waking up, also linked to narcolepsy.
- Reflex Hallucinations: Stimulation in one sensory modality leads to hallucinations in another.

Suicide and Violence Risk in Schizophrenia

Approximately 10% of patients with schizophrenia may die by suicide, with 5-6% indicated in DSM-5.
Recommended treatment duration is at least one year for first episodes and 5 years for multiple episodes.

Antipsychotic Medications

Typical Antipsychotics (First Generation):
- Mechanism: D2 receptor antagonism.
- Primarily effective against positive symptoms.
- Associated with more extrapyramidal symptoms and hyperprolactinemia.
Atypical Antipsychotics (Second Generation):
- Mechanism: D2 and 5HT2 receptor antagonism.
- Effective against both positive and negative symptoms.
- Fewer extrapyramidal symptoms but more metabolic side effects.

Common Side Effects of Antipsychotics

Acute Akathisia: Characterized by inner restlessness, pacing, and inability to sit still; treated with propranolol or benzodiazepines.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

More common in children; characterized by excessive fear of separation from attachment figures.
Symptoms include reluctance to be away from home or attachment figures and physical symptoms like headaches or stomachaches.
Treatment typically incorporates SSRIs and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the foundational concepts in psychiatry, including mental status examination and the roles of various brain regions. This quiz covers critical information and concepts crucial for understanding psychiatric evaluations and conditions.