Psychiatry and DSM-5 Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which assessment methods are utilized by psychiatrists to analyze psychological disorders?

Clinical interviews, psychological testing, and behavioral observations (correct)

Psychological testing and observation only

Neuropsychological testing alone

Only clinical interviews and physical exams

What significant change was made from DSM-IV to DSM-5?

Reduction of the number of psychological disorders

Focus on sociology and environment as primary factors

Introduction of a 5-tiered multiaxial system

Elimination of the multiaxial system (correct)

What is the primary purpose of the DSM 5-TR?

To categorize patients based on personal experiences

To diagnose only physical health disorders

To provide a historical overview of psychology

To ensure a common language for clinicians and researchers (correct)

How are fear and anxiety differentiated in psychiatric terms?

Fear is immediate and anxiety is future-oriented. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is recognized as a limitation of DSM-5?

Categorical approach and acknowledgment of dimensional approach Signup and view all the answers

What elements are included in the definition of psychological disorders?

Behavioral or psychological dysfunctions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 Ds used to define psychological disorders?

Dessert Signup and view all the answers

What does psychopathology study?

Psychological dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which tradition considers biological factors as key contributors to psychological disorders?

Biological Tradition Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the integrative approach to psychological disorders?

A combination of multiple factors including biological, psychological, and sociocultural Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is characterized by aberrant neural functioning?

All psychological disorders Signup and view all the answers

What role do psychologists and psychiatrists typically share in the treatment of psychological disorders?

Combined treatment approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe how neural dysfunction results in physiological changes leading to psychopathology?

Pathophysiology Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by an intense focus on physical symptoms?

Somatic Symptom Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a common biological correlate of depression according to the Monoamine Theory?

Reduction in Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as an Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is associated with Mania in Bipolar and Related Disorders?

Abnormally exaggerated elation lasting over 1 week Signup and view all the answers

What component of depression is characterized by feelings of sadness?

Emotional Component Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder can involve symptoms related to a medical condition but is classified distinctly?

Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Hypomania?

Lasting for 2 weeks with elevated mood but less severe symptoms than Mania Signup and view all the answers

Which depressive disorder is specifically related to the menstrual cycle?

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered hallmark features of pathological anxiety?

Agitation Signup and view all the answers

What physiological sign is NOT associated with anxiety?

Low energy Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by excessive apprehensive expectation lasting more than six months?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common co-occurring condition with anxiety disorders?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological symptom of anxiety?

Nervousness Signup and view all the answers

What biological factor is related to the pathophysiology of anxiety?

Overactivation of the amygdala Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves recurrent episodes of fear at inappropriate times?

Panic Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of treatment in disorders related to trauma and stress?

Re-experiencing the trauma Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT a cognitive sign of anxiety?

Nervousness Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of social anxiety disorder?

Fear of scrutiny by others Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most commonly associated with the development of somatoform disorders?

Traumatic or stressful childhood experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of personality disorders?

Chronic nature with significant life impairment Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors?

Cluster A Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is associated with pervasive distrust and suspicion of others?

Paranoid Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?

Fear of abandonment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Histrionic Personality Disorder?

Exaggerated emotional expression and attention-seeking behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of adults with at least one personality disorder?

10-15% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the theme of Cluster B personality disorders?

Dramatic, emotional, and erratic behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

Need for admiration Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is primarily characterized by social isolation and low self-esteem?

Avoidant Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What type of dysfunction is most associated with depressive disorders?

Physical, psychological, emotional, and biological dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter imbalance is suggested to contribute to the clinical presentation of schizophrenia?

An imbalance in circulating monoamines Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by submissiveness and dependence on others?

Dependent Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Bipolar Disorder from Depressive Disorders?

A single manic episode Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of somatic symptom disorders?

Difficulties in treatment due to absence of a pathological basis Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of personality disorders is associated with dramatic and eccentric thoughts and behaviors?

Cluster B Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychological Disorders (Psychopathology and the DSM)

Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological dysfunction.
Neural dysfunction refers to aberrant neural functioning.
Pathophysiology describes how neural dysfunction leads to physiological changes causing psychopathology.
Historical conceptions of psychological disorders include the supernatural tradition, psychological tradition, biological tradition, and integrative approach.
The integrative approach considers psychological, neurobiological, sociocultural, developmental, interpersonal, and other factors.
The DSM-5 and DSM-5 TR are diagnostic and statistical manuals used by mental health professionals.
The DSM-5 functions to provide descriptions, symptoms, and criteria for diagnosing psychological disorders and ensures a common language for clinicians and researchers.
The major revisions of the DSM include the elimination of the multiaxial system and a focus on neuroscience/biology/pathophysiology.
Psychologists and psychiatrists utilize an integrative approach, often involving "combined treatment".
Assessments for psychological disorders include clinical interviews, physical exams, psychological testing, neuropsychological testing, and behavioral observations.
DSM-5 TR (2022) clarified criteria, updated symptoms, codes, and terms; added a new diagnosis (Prolonged grief disorder).
Psychological disorders are characterized by behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are culturally atypical, associated with current distress/impairment in functioning, or an increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment. (4 Ds)
The 4 Ds are: deviant (atypical), distressing (discomfort), dysfunctional (interference), and dangerous (towards self or others).

Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychological disorder.
Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive apprehensive expectation, ongoing for more than 6 months.
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of fear, occurring at inappropriate times.
Agoraphobia is often accompanied by panic disorder and involves fear or anxiety about situations like public transportation, open spaces, enclosed places, standing in line, or being in a crowd, or being outside of the home alone.
Specific phobia features a marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.
Separation anxiety disorder is typically observed in childhood.
Selective mutism involves consistent failure to speak in certain social situations where speaking is expected, despite the ability to speak in other situations.
Common comorbidity with anxiety disorders includes depression and substance use disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) results from a traumatic event and involves re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance of reminders, emotional numbing, impaired memory, and chronic arousal.
Acute stress disorder shares similar features with PTSD, but the symptoms usually last less than a month.
Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder are diagnosed in childhood and involve inappropriate social interactions.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves intrusive, distressing thoughts (obsessions), and actions (compulsions).
Body dysmorphic disorder centers on body image concerns.
Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions.
Trichotillomania involves repeated pulling out of one's hair.
Excoriation is the repeated picking at one's skin to alleviate distress.
Substance/Medication-Induced obsessive-compulsive disorders are brought on by a substance or medication.
Related Other and Unspecified disorders are disorders that contain patterns observed in the previous mental conditions, but do not fit into one of the main conditions.

Depressive Disorders

Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by a persistent period of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness; loss of interest in activities, and other significant symptoms.
Substance/Medication-Induced depressive disorder occurs as a result of substance abuse.
Persistent depressive disorder is a chronic pattern of depressed mood.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder involves changes in mood and behavior before the onset of menstruation.
Depressive disorders due to another medical condition are caused by another medical condition.
Other specified and unspecified depressive disorders include patterns observed in other mental conditions, but do not fit into any main condition observed.

Bipolar I disorder features manic episodes, distinguished by abnormally elevated moods.
Bipolar II disorder involves hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.
Cyclothymic disorder involves chronic mood instability.
Substance/Medication-Induced bipolar disorder involves moods stemming from substance abuse.
Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition involves moods stemming from another medical condition.
Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders involves patterns observed in other mental conditions, but do not fit into any main condition observed.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia involves a persistent disruption of thought, perception, and behavior.
Schizotypal personality disorder shares features but is less severe and persistent.
Substance/Medication-Induced psychotic disorders are caused by abuse of substances.
Delusional disorder is characterized by delusions, which are persistent, false beliefs.
Brief psychotic disorder involves brief episodes of psychosis.
Schizophreniform disorder lasts for less than 6 months but is more acute.
Schizoaffective disorder features features of both mood episodes and schizophrenia.
Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition is caused by another medical condition.
Catatonia associated with another mental illness is characterized by changes in movement.
Prevalence 1%; 10-15 year life expectancy reduction; significant % of homelessness; late adolescence/early adulthood.
Hallmark features: positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms.

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in memory, awareness, and identity.
Dissociative identity disorder involves the presence of two or more distinct personalities.
Dissociative amnesia is characterized by significant loss of episodic memory.
Depersonalization/derealization disorder involves feelings of detachment from one's thoughts and feelings and from one's surroundings, respectively.
Other specified and unspecified dissociative disorders contain patterns observed in other mental conditions, but do not fit into any main condition observed.

Somatic symptom disorders are characterized by intense focus on physical symptoms or a maladaptive response.
Etiology and influencing factors may include history of trauma in childhood, family history, or the perceived reward of being ill.
Considerations may include associated personality disorders, psychosocial stressors, or mood disorders.
Illness Anxiety Disorder revolves around the distress of having a serious illness with accompanying symptoms despite the lack of actual physical issues.

Personality Disorders

Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible, enduring, and maladaptive patterns of behavior that typically impair social relationships and functioning.
10 personality disorders are grouped into 3 clusters (A, B, C).
Cluster A (odd or eccentric): paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal; Cluster B (dramatic or erratic): antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic; Cluster C (anxious or fearful): avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive.

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Test your knowledge on key assessment methods used by psychiatrists and significant changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5. This quiz covers topics like the primary purpose of DSM 5-TR, the differentiation between fear and anxiety, and limitations of DSM-5. Perfect for students of psychology and mental health professionals.