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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism by which typical antipsychotics operate?
What is the primary mechanism by which typical antipsychotics operate?
Which drug is commonly used for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) at higher doses than for depression?
Which drug is commonly used for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) at higher doses than for depression?
What is a common side effect associated with atypical antipsychotics?
What is a common side effect associated with atypical antipsychotics?
Which medication class is considered first-line treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
Which medication class is considered first-line treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
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Which of the following medications is an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist used for nightmares in PTSD?
Which of the following medications is an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist used for nightmares in PTSD?
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What is the primary action of stimulants used in treating ADHD?
What is the primary action of stimulants used in treating ADHD?
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Which of the following is an example of a non-stimulant used for ADHD?
Which of the following is an example of a non-stimulant used for ADHD?
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What class of medications is primarily used for managing insomnia?
What class of medications is primarily used for managing insomnia?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
What is the primary mechanism of action for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
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Which of the following medications is classified as a Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA)?
Which of the following medications is classified as a Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA)?
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What is the role of Beta-Blockers in the treatment of anxiety disorders?
What is the role of Beta-Blockers in the treatment of anxiety disorders?
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What is the mechanism of action for Mood Stabilizers like Lithium in treating Bipolar Disorder?
What is the mechanism of action for Mood Stabilizers like Lithium in treating Bipolar Disorder?
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Which of the following drug classes is considered first-line treatment for both Depressive and Anxiety Disorders?
Which of the following drug classes is considered first-line treatment for both Depressive and Anxiety Disorders?
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Which drug is an example of a benzodiazepine used for short-term anxiety relief?
Which drug is an example of a benzodiazepine used for short-term anxiety relief?
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What is the action of Atypical Antipsychotics in treating manic or mixed episodes in Bipolar Disorder?
What is the action of Atypical Antipsychotics in treating manic or mixed episodes in Bipolar Disorder?
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Which of the following medications acts as a partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors?
Which of the following medications acts as a partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors?
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Study Notes
Psychiatric Medications
- Depressive Disorders: SSRIs (Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Escitalopram, Paroxetine, Citalopram) increase serotonin; SNRIs (Venlafaxine, Duloxetine) increase serotonin and norepinephrine; Atypical Antidepressants (Bupropion, Mirtazapine) vary in mechanism; TCAs (Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline, Clomipramine) block serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake; MAOIs (Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine) inhibit monoamine oxidase.
Anxiety Disorders
- First-line: SSRIs and SNRIs (same as depression).
- Short-term: Benzodiazepines (Alprazolam, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Clonazepam) enhance GABA activity.
- Other: Buspirone (partial 5-HT1A serotonin agonist); Beta-blockers (Propranolol) reduce physical anxiety symptoms.
Bipolar Disorder
- Mood Stabilizers: Lithium inhibits inositol monophosphatase; Anticonvulsants (Valproate, Lamotrigine, Carbamazepine) affect sodium channels and glutamate pathways; Atypical antipsychotics (Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Aripiprazole) are dopamine and serotonin antagonists.
Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders
- Typical (First-Generation): Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine are dopamine D2 antagonists; side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, tardive dyskinesia.
- Atypical (Second-Generation): Risperidone, Olanzapine, Clozapine, Aripiprazole, Quetiapine; dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A antagonists; side effects include metabolic syndrome, weight gain.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Stimulants (Methylphenidate, Amphetamines): Increase dopamine and norepinephrine in prefrontal cortex.
- Non-Stimulants (Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, Clonidine): Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; Guanfacine and Clonidine are alpha-2 agonists.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Higher-dose SSRIs (Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Sertraline): Used first-line.
- Clomipramine (TCA): With serotonin reuptake inhibition.
- Antipsychotics (Risperidone, Aripiprazole): For augmentation.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- First-line: SSRIs and SNRIs (Sertraline, Paroxetine).
- Prazosin: Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist for nightmares.
- Other: Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers for severe symptoms.
Substance Use Disorders
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Disulfiram (aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor), Naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist), Acamprosate.
- Opioid Use Disorder: Methadone (full agonist), Buprenorphine (partial agonist), Naltrexone.
- Nicotine Dependence: Nicotine replacement therapy, Bupropion, Varenicline (partial nicotinic receptor agonist).
Eating Disorders
- SSRIs (Fluoxetine): Primarily for bulimia.
- Antipsychotics (Olanzapine): For anorexia to promote weight gain.
- Topiramate: For binge eating disorder.
Insomnia
- Benzodiazepines (Temazepam, Triazolam):
- Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotics (Zolpidem, Eszopiclone):
- Melatonin Receptor Agonists (Ramelteon):
- Orexin Receptor Antagonists (Suvorexant):
- Antidepressants (e.g., Trazodone, Mirtazapine): Off-label use.
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Description
This quiz assesses your understanding of various psychiatric medications used for treating depressive and anxiety disorders, as well as bipolar disorder. It covers drug classes, their mechanisms, and specific examples. Enhance your knowledge of pharmacological treatment options in psychiatry.
