Psychedelics: LSD
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Questions and Answers

How has the primary use of psychedelics shifted from the 1970s to the present day?

  • From spiritual exploration to personal awareness and growth
  • From traditional practices to experimental research settings
  • From personal growth to pleasure and recreational use (correct)
  • From recreational use to medical therapeutic applications

    • What is a prominent feature experienced by users of psychedelics in terms of visual perception?

  • Objects typically retain their original size and shape
  • Objects may appear to oscillate or undulate (correct)
  • Visuals become monochromatic and dull
  • Humans are incapable of recognizing any familiar objects

    • Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the effects of LSD?

  • Glutamate
  • Serotonin (correct)
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine

    • What is an effect associated with Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>Reoccurring visual disturbances after the use of hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical onset time for the effects of LSD after administration?

    <p>1-2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effects are typically observed in the first phase of LSD consumption?

    <p>Increased blood pressure and dilated pupils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter's activity is suppressed by LSD, contributing to its hallucinogenic effects?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with synaesthesia as a result of LSD use?

    <p>Seeing colors in music.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of LSD effects do intense emotional swings occur?

    <p>3rd Phase: Emotional and Cognitive Effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible outcome of increased glutaminergic activity in the mPFC during LSD consumption?

    <p>Enhanced subjective intensity of sensory input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of hallucinations experienced during LSD use?

    <p>Visual stimuli often appear distorted or transform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of administration could LSD take?

    <p>Dissolved in liquid or on blotter paper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the raphe nuclei in relation to LSD effects?

    <p>To be the main source of serotonin in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon could LSD users experience after the drug's effects have worn off?

    <p>Flashbacks of previous experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does LSD have on tolerance levels after repeated use?

    <p>Rapid development of tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural psychedelic has been traditionally used in healing rites by native tribes in the Western Amazon?

    <p>Harmine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main psychoactive ingredient found in Ayahuasca?

    <p>DMT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of administration is commonly used for LSD?

    <p>Sublingual absorption through blotter paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about LSD is true regarding its potency?

    <p>It has a high potency, with effective doses measured in micrograms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a potential lasting effect after using psychedelics, characterized by spontaneous and vivid recollections of perceptual experiences?

    <p>Flashbacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>A chronic condition causing recurrent, spontaneous visual disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the hallucinogenic effects of LSD?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of hallucinations is typically associated with psychedelics like LSD?

    <p>Alterations in time perception are often noted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key historical use of mescaline among Indigenous cultures?

    <p>Religious rituals and healing practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for LSD to produce its effects after administration?

    <p>Onset of effects usually occurs within 30 to 90 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the physiological toxicity of LSD is accurate?

    <p>No human fatalities have been reported from LSD overdose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common trigger for flashbacks associated with HPPD?

    <p>Darkness or situations similar to previous drug experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of delusional thinking during an LSD experience?

    <p>Engaging in risky behaviors that could harm oneself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of flashbacks experienced in HPPD?

    <p>A few seconds to an hour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is considered dangerous when combined with LSD due to the risk of hyperthermia?

    <p>MDMA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cognitive effects of LSD?

    <p>Enhanced factual memory recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does LSD typically have on the sense of time?

    <p>Time appears slowed down, making seconds feel longer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which LSD exerts its effects on sensory processing?

    <p>Activation of serotonin agonists targeting 5-HT2A receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about LSD's potency is true?

    <p>Only about 1% of the dose actually impacts the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total duration of effects when using LSD, following its administration?

    <p>Up to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following administration methods delivers a higher LSD dose?

    <p>Gelatin Chips (Window Panes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the locus coeruleus (LC) in relation to LSD?

    <p>It regulates fear and emotional responses while amplifying reactions to novel stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon is characterized by persistent alterations in visual perception following LSD use?

    <p>Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is most significantly involved in the effects of LSD on the brain?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is LSD primarily metabolized in the body after administration?

    <p>Extensively in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically true about the administration of LSD via blotter paper?

    <p>The drug is absorbed directly into the bloodstream via the tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the recreational history of LSD?

    <p>It was first popularized for recreational use in the 1960s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect distinguishes the historical use of psychedelics from their current use?

    <p>Current use focuses more on recreational pleasure than spiritual insight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the hallucinogenic effects of psychedelics like LSD?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common auditory distortion experienced by users of psychedelics?

    <p>Voices becoming louder but harder to understand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>Persistent visual disturbances resembling hallucinations post-use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference in the dosage of LSD used during the 1970s compared to present day?

    <p>Present doses range from 40–70 μg, which is lower than the ~100 μg typical in the 1970s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is critically involved in the effects of LSD that contribute to hallucinations?

    <p>Locus coeruleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological property of LSD contributes to its low risk of harm?

    <p>Low toxicity with no recorded human deaths from overdose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the duration and characteristics of flashbacks associated with HPPD?

    <p>Several seconds to an hour, can decrease over time but may persist for years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of hallucinogenic experiences is associated with the cognitive effects of LSD?

    <p>Increased paranoia and delusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of administration of LSD that typically results in a higher dose?

    <p>Blotter paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of ego disintegration experienced during LSD use?

    <p>Feeling of enhanced connectedness to the universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of LSD administration is known to deliver a precise and controlled dosage?

    <p>Blotter paper that dissolves on the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following naturally occurring psychedelics has been primarily used in specific healing rituals by Indigenous cultures?

    <p>Mescaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is most involved in mediating the effects of LSD?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological area is primarily involved in the processing of sensory information during an LSD experience?

    <p>Locus coeruleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter's activity is most significantly altered by the use of LSD, contributing to its hallucinogenic effects?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the impact of potentially combining LSD with MDMA?

    <p>Risk of severe cardiovascular trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for the effects of LSD to onset after administration?

    <p>30-60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes features of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>HPPD can involve spontaneous and vivid recollections of past psychedelic experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known issue associated with the use of myristicin, found in nutmeg?

    <p>High doses can lead to severe toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically a characteristic of hallucinations caused by psychedelics like LSD?

    <p>Consistent and predictable outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of increased tolerance resulting from the repeated use of LSD?

    <p>Higher dosage required for the same experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychedelic is known for producing intense hallucinations during its use and is brewed into a drink for traditional rituals?

    <p>Harmine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the historical use of LSD is accurate?

    <p>It was initially developed for therapeutic applications before widespread recreational use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is primarily involved in processing novelty and fear as influenced by LSD?

    <p>Locus Coeruleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neuropharmacological action of LSD in relation to serotonin?

    <p>It serves as a serotonin agonist, specifically targeting 5-HT2A receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of LSD administration typically yields higher doses compared to others?

    <p>Gelatin Chips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of the effects experienced after consuming LSD?

    <p>Up to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which time frame after administration do peak effects of LSD typically occur?

    <p>90 minutes to 5 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is related to Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>Spontaneous and vivid recollections of visual perceptual experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of hallucinations experienced under LSD may mislead someone regarding their reality?

    <p>They may be indistinguishable from reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does chronic LSD usage have on tolerance levels?

    <p>Tolerance increases, requiring higher doses for the same effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic typically describes the emotional responses during the third phase of LSD effects?

    <p>Intense emotional swings from euphoria to fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the neurochemical action of LSD contributes to altered sensory perception?

    <p>Inhibition of serotonin output by the raphe nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon is frequently associated with synaesthesia experienced during LSD use?

    <p>Seeing sounds as colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate duration of LSD's effects after administration?

    <p>Approximately 5 to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors contributes to the tolerance developed in response to repeated LSD use?

    <p>Reduction in serotonin receptor availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of administration is commonly used for LSD that provides a consistent dosing method?

    <p>Blotter paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area serves as the primary source of serotonin and is relevant to understanding LSD's effects?

    <p>Raphe nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of hallucinations that persist post-LSD use and is recognized as HPPD?

    <p>Spontaneous and vivid recollections of perceptual experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glutamate in the context of LSD's effects on the brain?

    <p>Facilitating increased neural signaling and subjective experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to occur during the initial phase of LSD effects?

    <p>Vivid closed-eye visuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychedelics (Chapter 15)

    • Current vs. historical use, including religious use
    • Features of hallucinations, including biological underpinnings (brain areas, neurotransmitters)
    • Toxicity and potency of LSD, including administration methods (various forms)
    • Pharmacological actions of LSD, effects (duration, time delay to onset), and features of flashbacks
    • Hallucination Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD). Tolerance and dependence issues related to LSD.
    • Detailed history, administration methods, potency, and pharmacological actions of Mescaline
    • Effects (duration), tolerance, and dependence issues related to Mescaline
    • History, forms, administration methods, pharmacological actions, and effects (including toxic effects) of Phencyclidine (PCP), and tolerance/dependence
    • History, prevalence, administration methods, pharmacological actions, and physiological, behavioral, psychological, and adverse effects of Salvinorin A, plus tolerance/dependence.
    • Myristicin/Elemicin: Found in nutmeg; acts as a psychoactive compound in large doses, but toxic in high doses.

    Psychedelics: Overview and Definitions

    • Psychedelics: A diverse group of drugs that alter perception, cognition, and behavior.
    • Hallucinogen: An inadequate term, as it doesn't fully capture the variety of effects.
    • Psychotomimetic: Also not the ideal term, as it inaccurately suggests psychosis-like effects (e.g., methamphetamine).
    • Psychedelic: An appropriate term, as it accurately reflects the sensory perception alterations the drugs induce.

    Psychedelics: Types

    • Naturally Occurring Psychedelics:
      • Psilocybin: Found in magic mushrooms (genus Psilocybe). Used for thousands of years. Active ingredient is psilocybin.
      • Mescaline: Active ingredient in the peyote cactus, used in religious and healing practices of the Aztec and Native Americans.
      • Harmine: Found in the bark of a tropical vine in South America. Often brewed as a drink, used in healing rites by indigenous tribes in the western Amazon.
      • DMT (Dimethyltryptamine): Found in plants, insects, and amphibians; can be synthesized as a crystalline powder or administered via smoking or injection. Sometimes known as Dimitri. Often a key psychoactive ingredient in Ayahuasca.
      • Salvinorin A: Found in Salvia divinorum, a plant native to Oaxaca, Mexico
    • Synthetic Psychedelics
      • LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide): First synthesized in the 1930s. A powerful hallucinogen producing altered perceptions, visual hallucinations and distorted reality. Widely used recreationally.
      • Ketamine and PCP (Phencyclidine): Dissociative anesthetics, developed in the 1960s; known for their dissociative and hallucinatory effects, which can also include aggressive behavior and psychotic episodes.
      • Ibotenic Acid: Found in Amanita muscaria mushrooms, inducing hallucinations and intense dream-like states

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    Psychedelics - LSD Final Exam Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of psychedelics in this chapter covering both current and historical uses, including their religious significance. Delve into the biological mechanisms behind hallucinations, the pharmacological actions of substances like LSD, Mescaline, PCP, and Salvinorin A, and their associated tolerance and dependence issues.

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