Psych 313 Relationship Science - Class 11: Diversity
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential outcome of experiencing discrimination in relationships, according to mixed findings?

  • Enhanced relationship quality
  • Increased partner support (correct)
  • Improved conflict resolution
  • Diminished communication

In lower socioeconomic status (SES) contexts, what tendency is likely to increase?

  • Self-protection (correct)
  • Relationship satisfaction
  • Social engagement
  • Trust in partners

What effect does self-protection have on relationship satisfaction?

  • It has no effect
  • It predicts lower relationship satisfaction (correct)
  • It improves communication quality
  • It increases relationship satisfaction

What phenomenon occurs when individuals are affected by their partner's experience of discrimination?

<p>Vicarious discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might resilient couple identities in lower-SES contexts signify?

<p>Adaptation and survival (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason LGBTQ+ individuals maintain friendships with their ex-partners?

<p>To enhance feelings of connectedness and security (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of feeling motivated to conceal a queer identity in relationships?

<p>Worse relationship quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition do people experience better relationship quality in same-sex relationships?

<p>When they feel positively about their queer identities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social network support impact same-sex relationships?

<p>It improves relationship quality if supportive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of discrimination can add stress to same-sex relationships?

<p>Discrimination related to sexual orientation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the Couple Identity Study focus on?

<p>Individual and couple identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of intercultural relationships according to the content?

<p>Greater cultural sharing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common strength do both same-sex and mixed-sex couples share?

<p>Strategies for conflict navigation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study indicated that cultural sharing relates to relationship quality?

<p>The Cultural Self-Expansion Study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a conclusion drawn from the Couple Identity Study about couples?

<p>Couples can strengthen as individuals and as a couple. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is highlighted as important for relationship quality among couples?

<p>Ability to navigate conflict (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest about the frequency of resilience among different socioeconomic statuses (SES)?

<p>Both SES groups exhibit similar resilience levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overarching theme relates same-sex and mixed-sex couples according to the content?

<p>Similar factors predicting relationship quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely to shape views on relationships according to social class?

<p>Psychological experiences of economic differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that describes a focus on warm, close, supportive interdependent family relationships, especially among Latine individuals?

<p>Familism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do higher socio-economic status (SES) individuals typically view relationships?

<p>With a focus on individual self-expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique questions do researchers consider when studying diverse relationship experiences?

<p>How relationships vary among different cultures and identities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what does the term 'hard interdependence' refer to?

<p>A self that is oriented towards others, but also self-protective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Vignette Study, what is Steven's concern regarding his uncle?

<p>His behavior may disrupt the ceremony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus of diversity in research according to the provided content?

<p>Age differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of educational attainment is considered necessary for understanding relationship views between different social classes?

<p>Psychological relativity to resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the initials WEIRD stand for in relation to society characteristics?

<p>Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic is most commonly represented in psychology research samples?

<p>White, heterosexual women from the U.S. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of studies assessed included any trans participants?

<p>1.9% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on an assessment of relationship science studies from 1996-2020, what was a notable characteristic about the participants?

<p>They were mostly White, heterosexual women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about diversity in research samples is accurate?

<p>Psychology research samples are often homogeneous with regard to race and sexual orientation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of relationship science, what is highlighted as a major gap in research representation?

<p>Inclusion of sexual and gender minorities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the term 'Diversity in Research Samples' referenced in relationship science?

<p>There is a need for more diverse representation among research participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of diversity in psychological research is often overlooked?

<p>Sexual orientation and gender identities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subgroup of the population is mentioned as being underrepresented in studies within relationship science?

<p>Trans participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the representation of racial diversity in U.S. psychology studies?

<p>Most studies fail to include diverse racial backgrounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the lower-SES participant suggest regarding Steven's uncle at the event?

<p>To invite his uncle but to discuss concerns openly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant observation about how couples in 2017 commonly met?

<p>Online, especially among same-sex couples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a common bias in relationships?

<p>Gay and straight individuals prefer to date within their same sexual orientation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'thin dating markets' imply?

<p>Fewer available partners of interest result in meeting online. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advice given by the higher-SES participant concerning Steven's uncle?

<p>To avoid inviting him as relationships are not dictated by family. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about biases in dating is accurate?

<p>Bias often intersects with various identities such as race and sexual orientation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested regarding the breakup of couples?

<p>Some breakups can be amicable and beneficial for both parties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed about the ability of individuals to find dating partners?

<p>Online dating has made it easier to find partners in diverse demographics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

WEIRD Societies

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies.

Relationship Science Research Samples

Research samples in relationship science often skew towards White, wealthy, educated heterosexual people from the U.S.

Research Sample Diversity

A lack of diversity in participants in relationship science research.

Gender Representation

Studies often have under-representation of participants outside of heteronormative relationships.

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Sexual Orientation Representation

Studies frequently lack representation for sexual and gender minorities.

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Racial Representation

Racial diversity in relationship science research is often lacking.

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1,762 Studies (1996-2020)

A significant body of studies reviewed, predominantly featuring White, heterosexual women from the U.S.

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Transgender Inclusion -

Low inclusion of transgender participants.

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Research Importance

Diverse representation in research samples is critical for valid conclusions.

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Bias in Studies

The presence of skewed research and reporting in relationship science studies.

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Familism

Prioritizes interdependent family relationships, warmth, closeness, support, and the family over the individual.

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Latine

A reference to individuals originating from or with ties to Latin American cultures or countries.

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Social Class

Differences in resources (income, education, occupation) and resulting psychological experiences.

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Expressive Independence

Focus on unique, self-expressive, individual self-expression and choices.

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Hard Interdependence

A self responsive and oriented toward others, yet tough and self-protective, adaptable to adversity.

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Vignette Study

Research method using short stories (vignettes) to gather data on people's opinions or behaviors related to a topic.

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Diverse Relationship Experiences

Relationship experiences vary widely based on cultural background, sexual orientation, gender identity, race, and social class.

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Generalizability of Findings

Understanding the extent to which research results apply to different populations and settings.

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Relationship Advice

Different social groups (e.g., lower and higher socioeconomic status) have differing views on how to handle difficult relationship situations.

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Online Dating

For both mixed-sex and same-sex couples, the most popular method to meet partners was online in 2017.

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Intersectionality and Dating Bias

Bias in relationships can be affected by race, sexual orientation, and gender identity; these biases often overlap and influence each other.

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Thin Dating Markets

Slower finding partners of interest for various groups – may contribute to online dating's popularity, especially among same-sex couples.

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Relationship Initiation (Mixed-Sex)

Different methods of meeting romantic partners can vary by gender and social groups.

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Relationship Initiation (Same-Sex)

Online dating became more prevalent for same-sex couples earlier than for heterosexual couples in 2017.

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Dating Bias

Preconceived notions and preferences in selecting romantic partners based on various factors like race, gender, or sexual orientation.

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Breaking Up

This is a topic about handling relationship endings and the associated social implications.

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Post-Dissolution Friendships

Maintaining friendships with former romantic partners, often more common among LGBTQ+ individuals.

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Connectedness and Security

LGBTQ+ individuals tend to value maintaining friendships with exes for feelings of belonging and safety.

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Discrimination's Impact on Relationships

Discrimination and harassment can negatively affect same-sex relationships, adding stress and lowering relationship quality.

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Concealing Queer Identity

Feeling the need to hide one's sexual orientation or relationship status can lead to greater stress in same-sex relationships.

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Social Network Support

Lack of support from social circles negatively impacts relationship quality for same-sex couples.

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Vicarious Discrimination

The stress experienced by a partner due to their partner's discrimination.

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Self-Protection in Relationships

Prioritizing individual safety and well-being over connection, especially when feeling vulnerable.

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Lower-SES Impact on Relationships

People with lower socioeconomic status may experience more stressors, leading them to prioritize self-protection, potentially impacting relationship satisfaction.

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Resilient Couple Identities

Couples in challenging circumstances develop strength and shared experiences that contribute to their relationship.

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Stressors and Relationship Quality

Stressors can negatively impact relationship quality, especially when they trigger self-protection behavior.

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Couple Identity Study

A study that asks couples to describe their relationship by answering the question "who are we?" in 10 ways.

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Cultural Sharing in Intercultural Relationships

Sharing cultural practices, values, and perspectives between partners from different cultures.

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Self-Expansion

The process of growing and developing as a person through new experiences and relationships.

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Resilience in Relationships

The ability of a relationship to adapt and cope with challenges and stressors.

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Relationship Quality

The overall satisfaction and well-being experienced within a romantic relationship.

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Factors Predicting Relationship Quality

Characteristics and behaviors that contribute to a positive and fulfilling relationship.

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Interdependence in Relationships

The mutual dependence and influence partners have on each other's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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Social Class and Relationship Views

Different socioeconomic groups may have varying perspectives on relationships and how to manage conflicts.

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Study Notes

Psych 313 Relationship Science - Class 11: Diversity

  • Class focuses on diversity in relationship science research, views on relationships, entering/leaving relationships, stressors, and strengths.

Diversity in Research Samples

  • Psychology research samples tend to be WEIRD: Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.
  • White, wealthy, educated people are overrepresented in samples.
  • Relationship science samples are not drastically different, with studies between 1996-2000 and 2016-2020 predominantly featuring White, heterosexual women from the U.S.

Sexual & Gender Minorities

  • Heterosexual couples are overrepresented, with other sexual orientations significantly underrepresented.
  • Gay or lesbian couples: 96.2% median representation
  • Bisexual: Near 0% median representation
  • Men: 40% median representation
  • Women: 60% median representation
  • Nonbinary: Near 0% median representation

Racial Representation (U.S. Studies)

  • White Americans are overrepresented in studies (76.2% median representation).
  • Other groups are underrepresented, including Black, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI), Latinx, and Native Americans.

Geographic Representation

  • Geographic diversity is very limited in published research.

Missing Information if Not Diverse

  • Limited ability to generalize findings outside of WEIRD samples.
  • Uncovering unique relationship experiences and perspectives across diverse groups is crucial.
  • Important theoretical and empirical questions may be overlooked.

Views on Relationships

  • Familism: Prioritizes family relationships above individual needs. More common among Latino individuals than in other groups.
  • Social Class Differences:
    • Higher-SES: Focus on individual expression, independence. -Lower-SES: Hard interdependence, greater emphasis on social support and responsiveness to others.

Vignette Study

  • Illustrates different perspectives on relationship dilemmas (e.g. a difficult family member at a wedding).
  • Participants in lower-SES and higher-SES groups offer contrasting advice reflecting cultural norms.

Advice to Break Off a Relationship

  • Lower-SES more likely to advise keeping the relationship, based on familial obligations
  • Higher-SES more likely to advise ending the relationship.

Entering Relationships

  • Online meeting is the most common method today for both mixed and same-sex couples.
  • Meeting online became more common earlier for same-sex couples.

Dating Bias

  • Bias exists in various forms of dating, particularly in OkCupid profiles and scores, affecting perceptions of various individuals based on race, sexual orientation, gender, SES, etc.
  • Extensive biases do not exist for all areas of relationships, with racial and political differences also important to consider.

Leaving Relationships

  • LGBTQ+ people tend to maintain friendships with former partners more often due to connectedness and security needs.

Stressors

  • Discrimination and harassment disproportionately impact same-sex relationships, leading to stress, and lower relationship quality and concealing queer identities, and lack of social network support.
  • Racial discrimination impacts mixed-race relationships, with varied findings on support and quality of the relationship.
  • Lower SES contexts are more vulnerable to self-protection being a major variable in relationship quality.

Strengths

  • Stressors in lower SES contexts potentially create resilience within couples.
  • Lower and higher SES couples may have similar relationship qualities, with the same common traits for successful relationships.
  • Intercultural relationships present opportunities for self-expansion.
  • Important shared elements of quality in same-sex and opposite-sex relationships.
  • Adoptive parents in same-sex couples may divide childcare roles more equally.
  • Investment models can apply to these diverse types of relationships–even if one or more components are lower, the others can make up for it.
  • Microaffirmations within a relationship.

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Psych 313 Relationship Science Class 11 Diversity PDF

Description

This quiz explores the representation diversity in relationship science research, including the overrepresentation of certain demographic groups. It examines trends in sexual and gender minorities, racial representation, and the implications for the validity of relationship studies. Engage with key concepts in relationship diversity and its research challenges.

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