Psych 261 Physiological Psychology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the total percentage of the final grade that is determined by the three tests?

  • 74%
  • 94%
  • 60%
  • 84% (correct)

Where are the quizzes to be completed for this course?

  • Email
  • Sona
  • In-class
  • Learn (correct)

What action must a student take to be excused for a missed test?

  • Submit a Verification of Illness Form (correct)
  • Complete the missed test at a later time
  • Send an email to the TA
  • Request an alternate assignment

If a student chooses not to participate in the Sona Research Studies, what is the alternative assignment?

<p>Write a summary of a research article (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic shared by both the tests and quizzes?

<p>Both are based on course lectures and assigned readings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following topics is covered in the first week of the course?

<p>Introduction, history, and neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

On which date is the first test scheduled?

<p>Feb 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these topics is NOT covered in the 'Mind/Cognition' category?

<p>Sensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between 'Consciousness' and 'Peripheral Body' within the provided framework?

<p>They are distinct concepts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which module combination is assigned to the week of January 13th and 15th?

<p>Modules 1.2, and 2.1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main topic discussed under 'Behavior' in the provided relationships diagram?

<p>Task Performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following topics are covered in the week before the reading week break?

<p>Neurodevelopment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the course content, what is studied along with ‘Emotion’ and linked to ‘Mood Disorders’?

<p>Cognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is associated with Plato regarding the nature of the soul?

<p>Corporeal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is known for the concept of mind-body dualism?

<p>Rene Descartes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Descartes refer to the human body as?

<p>A mechanical system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which gland does Descartes suggest the mind interacts with the body?

<p>Pineal Gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Franz-Joseph Gall develop to study the relationship between mental functions and brain areas?

<p>Phrenology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens' contributions to understanding brain function?

<p>He emphasized subcortical structure localization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between the views of Plato and Descartes regarding the soul and mind?

<p>Plato considered the soul to be corporeal; Descartes viewed the mind as immaterial. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavior did Descartes attribute to changes in physical processes?

<p>Reflexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the brain is primarily associated with speech production?

<p>Broca’s Area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely a result of parietal and temporal damage in the right side of the brain?

<p>Spatial neglect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patient was investigated by Paul Broca that contributed to his findings on speech production?

<p>Patient Tan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A failure to pay attention to the left side of space and one’s body is characteristic of what condition?

<p>Spatial neglect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of surgery is considered to be the first performed in the field of psychosurgery?

<p>Lobotomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is NOT involved in language processing?

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What artistic representation demonstrates the effects of spatial neglect following a stroke?

<p>A self-portrait by Anton Raderscheidt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is primarily responsible for processing auditory information?

<p>Auditory Cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Hippocrates' view on the role of the brain?

<p>Epilepsy is caused by the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is associated with the concept of dualism?

<p>Plato (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Aristotle promote regarding the heart's function?

<p>The brain is the organ of the mind. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that thoughts are primarily generated by the brain?

<p>Encephalocentric Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epicurus' philosophical stance can best be described as which of the following?

<p>Monism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did early Greeks believe regarding the relationship between the brain and behavior?

<p>The brain is integral to understanding epilepsy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which philosophical stance is the body and soul seen as distinct entities?

<p>Dualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aristotle's moderation of brain activity suggests which of the following?

<p>The brain influences the heart's activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who performed the first frontal leucotomies, leading to a Nobel Prize?

<p>Antonio Egas Moniz (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of commissurotomy?

<p>To cut pathways connecting cerebral hemispheres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a result reported after commissurotomy?

<p>Increased intellect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which hemisphere is speech typically lateralized?

<p>Left hemisphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Gazzaniga and Sperry (1967) suggest about the effects of split brain surgery on patients?

<p>Negligible disturbances in daily behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes 'The Hard Problem' posed by David Chalmers?

<p>Explaining why consciousness exists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the idea that everything has some form of consciousness?

<p>Panpsychism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is associated with studies on the split brain and was published in Scientific American?

<p>Michael S. Gazzaniga (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tests in Psych 261

A type of assessment that often includes multiple-choice and short answer questions, covering material from lectures and assigned text modules.

Participation in Psych 261

Evaluated based on attendance and active participation in class discussions and activities.

Quizzes in Psych 261

Short online assessments covering material from lectures and assigned text modules.

SONA Research Studies

A research participation platform where students can sign up for studies and earn course credit.

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Alternate Assignment

A written assignment where students summarize a research article on any topic within physiological psychology.

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Encephalocentric Theory

The theory that the brain is the organ of the mind.

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Cardiocentric Theory

The theory that the heart is the organ of the mind.

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Dualism

A philosophical position that suggests the mind and body are two distinct substances.

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Monism

A philosophical position that suggests the mind and body are one and the same.

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Hippocrates

Greek philosopher who believed in the encephalocentric theory and proposed that epilepsy was a brain disorder.

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Aristotle

Greek philosopher who believed in the cardiocentric theory and proposed that the brain moderated the activity of the heart.

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Lateralization of function

The idea that different functions are performed by different parts of the brain.

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Thoughts are generated by the brain

The concept that the brain is responsible for generating thoughts.

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Physiological Psychology

The study of how the nervous system influences behavior and mental processes.

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Mind-Body Problem

A fundamental question in psychology and philosophy, exploring the relationship between the immaterial mind or soul and the physical body.

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Neurons

The basic building blocks of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information throughout the body.

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Glia

Specialized cells that support and protect neurons.

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Action Potential

A rapid electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron, carrying information to other neurons.

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Synapse

The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.

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Plasticity

The ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to experience.

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Memory

The process of acquiring and retaining information over time.

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Soul as a Corporeal Entity

A philosophical belief that the soul is a physical entity, composed of fine particles.

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Mind-Body Dualism

The idea that the mind and body are distinct and separate entities, interacting with each other.

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Localization of Function

A theory proposing that different mental abilities are located in specific areas of the brain.

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Immaterial Mind

Rene Descartes' belief that the mind is an immaterial substance, separate from the physical body.

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Pineal Gland as the Interaction Point

Descartes' proposed interaction point between the mind and body, located in the pineal gland, a small gland situated in the brain.

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Introspection

A method used to study the mind through introspection, or examining one's own thoughts and feelings.

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Phrenology

A now discredited practice of studying personality by analyzing the bumps and indentations on the skull.

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Flourens' Brain Experiments

French physiologist who conducted experiments on animals by removing or damaging specific brain areas to understand their functions.

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Commissurotomy

A surgical procedure that severs the corpus callosum, the main pathway connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.

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Corpus Callosum

A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and share information.

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Hemispheric Specialization

The specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain for different functions. For example, the left hemisphere is typically associated with language, while the right is associated with spatial reasoning.

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Hemispheric Asymmetry

The difference in size or structure between the two hemispheres of the brain. For example, the left hemisphere is often larger than the right in language-dominant individuals.

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Materialism

The idea that mental states and consciousness arise from brain activity and are ultimately reducible to physical processes.

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Panpsychism

The view that consciousness is a fundamental feature of the universe, not just a product of the brain.

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The Hard Problem of Consciousness

The question of how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience, or why there is consciousness at all.

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The Easy Problem of Consciousness

The relatively easier question of mapping specific brain states to specific conscious experiences, such as seeing a red object.

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Who is Paul Broca?

A French surgeon who examined a patient with limited speech production, who was known as "Tan". He identified the area in the brain responsible for speech production, now known as Broca's area.

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What is Localization of Function?

The concept that specific cognitive functions are localized in distinct areas of the brain - think of the brain not as a single unit, but as a complex network with specialized tasks.

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What is Neglect?

A neurological state caused by damage to specific brain regions, primarily the parietal and temporal lobes on the right side of the brain. It results in a failure to attend to or notice objects on the left side of one's body or space.

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What is Broca's Area?

The area in the left hemisphere of the brain, typically in the frontal lobe, which is considered the speech production center. Its damage leads to difficulties in forming words and sentences (non-fluent aphasia) despite understanding spoken language.

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What is the Auditory Cortex?

A region in the brain responsible for auditory processing, particularly involved in comprehending language. It is located in the temporal lobe and is crucial for language comprehension.

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What is the Parietal Area?

A region in the brain, located in the parietal lobe, involved in higher-level cognitive processes, especially integrating visual and spatial information. It's essential for spatial awareness and attention.

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What is Wernicke's Area?

An area in the left hemisphere of the brain, in the temporal lobe, crucial for speech comprehension. Damage to this area leads to difficulties understanding spoken language.

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What is the Angular Gyrus?

A region in the left hemisphere of the brain, near the parietal lobe, involved in linking visual and auditory input for language processing. It plays a key role in reading comprehension and the ability to link words to their meanings.

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Study Notes

Psych 261: Physiological Psychology

  • Course taught by Dr. Daniel Smilek
  • Teaching Assistants: Melissa van Dijk-Allen ([email protected]) and Alexandra Anacleto ([email protected])
  • Textbook: Biological Psychology, 14th Edition by James W. Kalat (accessed through MindTap)

Course Structure

  • Tests:
    • Test 1: 30%
    • Test 2: 30%
    • Test 3: 24%
    • Multiple choice, short answer questions
    • Non-cumulative
    • Based on lectures and assigned readings
    • Test duration: One class period
    • Policy for missed tests: Requires a valid Verification of Illness Form (VIF).
  • Quizzes:
    • Quiz 1: 4%
    • Quiz 2: 4%
    • Quiz 3: 4%
    • Multiple choice
    • Based on lectures and assigned readings
    • Completed online through Learn
  • Research Participation:
    • 4%
    • Sona Research Studies
    • Alternate Assignment: A 1-page summary of a research article on physiological psychology.
    • All assignments due before the last day of course

Course Schedule

  • Weekly schedule detailing topics, dates, and assigned readings (including modules).

Physiological Psychology

  • Focuses on the nervous system and its relationship to other cognitive functions.
  • Includes consciousness, perception, emotion, cognition, memory, language, task performance, motor learning, movement, behavior, sensation, internal organs, endocrine system, & immune system.
  • These systems interact, affecting each other (e.g., hormones influence the nervous system and immune responses).

Historical Perspectives

  • Early Greeks:
    • Encephalocentric Theory (Hippocrates): Brain as the organ of the mind, lateralization of function (damage to one side of the brain affects the opposite side of the body).
    • Cardiocentric Theory (Aristotle): Heart as the primary source of thoughts; brain moderates heart activity.
  • Dualism (Plato): Mind and body are distinct entities
  • Monism (Epicurus): Mind and body are a unified entity - a materialist view
  • Rene Descartes: (1596-1650)
    • Mind-body dualism (Cartesian Dualism)
    • Human body as a machine
    • Changes in ventricle pressure determine behavior
    • Reflexes
    • Introspection (self-reporting based on experience)
    • Pineal gland as the point of mind-body interaction
  • Franz-Joseph Gall (1758-1822):
    • Cranioscopy (Phrenology): Personality traits linked to specific brain regions (localization of function)

Localization of Function

  • Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens (1794-1867): Localized function to subcortical structures but not the cortex

  • Paul Broca (1824-1880): Discovered localization of speech production in the frontal lobe.

  • Areas Involved in Language: Includes Broca's area for speech production, Wernicke's area for understanding language, auditory cortex for language comprehension, and angular gyrus for linking sound with meaning.

Neglect

  • Spatial Neglect (or Hemispatial Neglect): Difficulty attending to one side of space (typically the left side), often due to damage to the right parietal lobe.
  • Patients often fail to notice/ ignore objects on the neglected side.

The Heyday of Neurosurgery

  • Early psychosurgery techniques: lobotomies and leucotomies
  • Key figures include Dr. Gottlieb Burckhardt (first psychosurgery, 1891) & Antonio Egas Moniz (Nobel Prize for frontal leucotomy)

The Split Brain

  • Commissurotomy: Surgeries separating the two brain hemispheres.

  • Effects: Little disturbance in everyday behaviour, temperament, and intellect; odd behaviors (like "alien hand" phenomenon)

  • Lateralization of Function: Speech is often lateralized (located) to the left hemisphere.

  • Hemispheric Asymmetry/Specialization: Each hemisphere has specialized functions, impacting how each side of body works.

  • Materialism: Everything is physical/ materialistic - mind as a physical process
  • Identity Position: Mental states are identical to brain states
  • Reductionism: Complex process explained down to simplest physical causes

Consciousness and the Brain

  • David Chalmers:
    • Easy problem: Defining how specific conscious states correspond to brain activity
    • Hard problem: Understanding how physical brain processes generate consciousness.
    • Panpsychism: The idea that consciousness is a fundamental part of reality

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