Psych 261 Physiological Psychology Lecture Notes 2025 PDF

Psych 261: Physiological Psychology Welcome!! Dr. Daniel Smilek Teaching Assistants Melissa van Dijk-Allen [email protected] Alexandra Anacleto [email protected] ...

Psych 261: Physiological Psychology Welcome!! Dr. Daniel Smilek Teaching Assistants Melissa van Dijk-Allen [email protected] Alexandra Anacleto [email protected]  Research Tests Quizzes Participation Test 1: 30% Quiz 1: 4% Test 2: 30% Quiz 2: 4% 4% Test 3: 24% Quiz 3: 4% Multiple choice, and some Multiple choice Sona Research Studies short answer questions Based on lectures and Alternate Assignment Are non-cumulative assigned text modules – Write a 1 page, single spaced, summary of a Based on lectures and Completed online on research article on any assigned text modules Learn topic in Physiological The tests will be the Psychology duration of a class – All written assignments are due before the last day of Policy for missed tests: If the course you miss a test, you must have a valid Verification of Illness Form (VIF). Week Date Topic Readings Due 1 Jan 6, 8 Introduction | History | Neurons Module 1.1, 1.2 2 Jan 13,15 Glia | The Action Potential | The Synapse Modules 1.2, 2.1 3 Jan 20, 22 The Synapse | Drugs & Toxins | Addiction Quiz (Jan 22) Modules 2.2, 14.1 4 Jan 27, 29 Neuroanatomy Modules 3.1, 3.2 5 Feb 3, 5 Test 1 (Feb 3) | Methods Module 3.3 6 Feb 10, 12 Methods | Neurodevelopment Modules 3.3, 4.2 -- Feb 17, 19 Reading Week 7 Feb 24, 26 Plasticity | Vision | Quiz (Feb 26) Module 4.3, 5.1 8 Mar 3, 5 Vision | Audition Modules 5.2, 5.3, 6.1 9 Mar 10, 12 Test 2 (Mar 10) | Audition| Mechanical Senses Module 6.2 10 Mar 17, 19 Sleep | Memory & Learning Modules 8.1, 8.2, 12.1 11 Mar 24, 26 Memory & Learning | Emotion | Quiz (Mar 26) Modules 12.2, 12.3 12 Mar 31, Apr 2 Emotion | Mood Disorders | Test 3 (Apr 2) Modules 11.1, 14.2 Physiological Psychology Consciousness Memory Perception Language Emotion Mind/ Cognitio n Nervous System Task Performance Sensation Motor Learning Peripheral Internal Organs Movement Behaviour Body Endocrine System Immune System Historical Perspectives: What is the relation between soul and body?  The Early Greeks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates#mediaviewer/File:Hippocrates_rubens.jpg Encephalocentric Theory Cardiocentric Theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle#/media/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg Hippocrates (460-379 BCE) Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Thoughts are generated by the The brain is the organ of the mind heart Epilepsy caused by the brain Brain moderates the activity of Lateralization of function the heart  The Early Greeks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus#/media/File:Epikouros_BM_1843.jpg Dualism Monism e.g., Plato (~428-348 CE) e.g., Epicurus (341-270 BCE) Body Soul https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato#/media/File: - “... the soul is a body of fine particles” Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg visible invisible - The “soul” is corporeal changeable unchangeable - Materialism mortal immortal Body Mind Mind & Body  Rene Descartes (1596-1650 CE) – French philosopher _Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg Frans_Hals_- Ren%C3%A9_Descartes#/media/File: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ – Mind-body dualism (Cartesian Dualism) Human body is a machine – Changes in ventricle pressure determine behavior – Reflexes – Experiments could be done to test ideas Mind is of an immaterial substance – Introspection Pineal Mind interacts with body through the Gland pineal gland  Franz-Joseph Gall (1758-1822 CE) – French physician (Born German) – Cranioscopy or Phrenology – Localization of Function From: Phrenology, or The Doctrine of the Mental Phenomena. Johann Spurzheim (1832, p. 10) https://archive.org/stream/ phrenooct01spur#page/n5/mode/2up Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens (1794-1867 CE) – French physiologist – Removed or damaged brain areas of animals to ascertain brain function – There was localization of function in subcortical structures but not in the cortex. From Pearce, J. M. S. (2009). Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens (1794–1867) and cortical localization. European neurology, 61(5), 311-314.  Paul Broca (1824-1880 CE) – French Surgeon php http://www.brainclinic.co.za/history. – Examined Patient “Tan” – Localization of function: speech production From: Paul Broca's historic cases: high resolution MR imaging of the brain of Leborgne Brain. 2007;130(5):1432-1441. Areas Involved in Language Auditory Mouth & Lip Cortex Motor Control Angular Gyrus Wernicke’s Area Broca’s Area  Neglect (Spatial Neglect or Hemispatial Neglect) Parietal Area – Primarily results from damage to the parietal and temporal regions of the right side of the brain (often from a stroke). – A failure to pay attention to objects on the left side (most commonly) of space and one’s body. Temporal Area  Neglect (Spatial Neglect or Hemispatial Neglect) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4865522/figure/F3/?report=objectonly Artist Anton Raderscheidt’s self portrait a A neglect patient completes a star A neglect patient copies objects cancellation task few months after his stroke  Neglect (Spatial Neglect or Hemispatial Neglect) “... imagine... looking at the front of the “... the reverse perspective” Piazza del Duomo, Milan, Italy cathedral from the opposite side of the square.” Bisiach, E., & Luzzatti, C. (1978). Unilateral neglect of representational space. Cortex, 14(1), 129-133. Fig 1, p. 130  The Heyday of Neurosurgery – First psychosurgery was performed by Swiss Dr. Gottlieb Burckhardt in 1891 – Portuguese neuroscientist Antonio Egas Moniz (& Almeida Lima) performed frontal leucotomies in 1930’s (Moniz received Nobel Prize) – Watts, Freeman, & Scoville  The Split Brain – Commissurotomy: Pathways connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres are cut (First human case in 1940, more in the 1960’s) – “... little disturbance in ordinary daily behaviour, temperament and intellect” (Gazzaniga & Sperry, 1967, p. 131). Corpus Callosum – Odd behaviors, including “alien hand”. (Interhemispheric transfer of information)  Left & Right Visual Fields Spoon Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). The split brain in man. Scientific American, 217(2), 24-29. Figure 1, p. 25  Lateralization of Function – Speech is often lateralized to the left hemisphere Hemispheric Asymmetry Hemispheric Specialization ????? Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). The split brain in man. Scientific American, 217(2), 24-29. Figure 1, p. 25 Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). The split brain in man. Scientific American, 217(2), 24-29. Figure 4, p. 28 Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). The split brain in man. Scientific American, 217(2), 24-29.  Materialism Identity Position Reductionism Currently Popular Monistic View  Consciousness and the Brain David Chalmers – The Easy Problem: What conscious states relate to what sorts of brain activity? – The Hard Problem: Why is there consciousness and how does brain activity become conscious? – Panpsychism