chapter 15 easy + medium multiple choice
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Questions and Answers

What is emotion associated with according to the lecturer Ezgi Palaz?

  • Stimuli that are rewarding or punishing (correct)
  • Stimuli that are only socially acceptable
  • Stimuli that have inherent intellectual value
  • Stimuli that are aesthetically pleasing

    • What do we do with others' emotions and mental states?

  • We ignore them
  • We mentalize and mirror them (correct)
  • We only mirror them
  • We only mentalize them

    • Who claimed that human emotions possess continuity with their animal counterparts?

  • Charles Darwin (correct)
  • Walter Cannon
  • Paul Ekman
  • William James

    • What is the James-Lange Theory centered on?

    <p>The self-perception of bodily changes producing emotional experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Cannon-Bard Theory centered on?

    <p>The hypothalamus' role in emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Papez circuit consist of?

    <p>Cingulate cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limbic brain composed of?

    <p>Papez circuit, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for his work on basic emotions?

    <p>Paul Ekman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the amygdala in expression recognition?

    <p>Emotional processing and simulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the simulation theory, how do we understand others?

    <p>By vicariously producing their current emotional state in ourselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Capgras syndrome characterized by?

    <p>Conscious recognition of a person without an emotional response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred from eye gaze information?

    <p>Desires and next moves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key aspect of empathy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mirror system?

    <p>Disregarding the distinction between self and other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core affect system organized along according to Feldman-Barrett theory?

    <p>Pleasant-unpleasant and activation-deactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the amygdala in the neural substrates?

    <p>Indicated in memory, especially emotional content of memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome characterized by?

    <p>Unusual tameness and emotional blunting, a tendency to examine objects with the mouth, and dietary changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the insula in the neural substrates?

    <p>Monitoring the internal state of the body and interoception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the neural substrates?

    <p>Computes current value of a stimulus and linked to subjective reports of pleasantness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior cingulate in the neural substrates?

    <p>Error monitoring and calculating reward or punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ventral striatum involved in?

    <p>Reward-related and dopamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory claims a constructionist approach, concerned with the dimensions of reward and punishment?

    <p>Rolls theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of emotions according to the lecturer?

    <p>To provide a sense of reward or punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea of Charles Darwin's theory of emotions?

    <p>Emotions are evolutionary conserved across species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory states that emotions come after bodily expressions?

    <p>James-Lange Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in emotions according to the Cannon-Bard Theory?

    <p>To integrate emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Papez Circuit composed of?

    <p>Cingulate cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Limbic Brain?

    <p>Regulating emotions and motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for his work on basic emotions?

    <p>Paul Ekman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for group living according to the lecturer?

    <p>Extracting information through mentalizing and mirroring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is involved in facial identity recognition?

    <p>Fusiform face area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of social referencing?

    <p>To lead to avoidance or interaction with a previously neutral stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key aspect of the theory-of-mind?

    <p>Representing others' mental states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mirror system in social cognition?

    <p>To disregard the distinction between self and other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extended system in expression recognition?

    <p>Emotion recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Capgras syndrome?

    <p>Lack of emotional response to familiar faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the anterior cingulate in emotion?

    <p>Error monitoring and responding to pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the insula in emotional processing?

    <p>Monitoring the internal state of the body and disgust perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neural substrate is involved in reward processing and empathy?

    <p>Ventral striatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core affect system organized along according to Feldman-Barrett theory?

    <p>Pleasant-unpleasant and activation-deactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in emotion?

    <p>Computing current value of a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome characterized by?

    <p>Unusual tameness and emotional blunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neural substrate is involved in fear learning and recognizing fear?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ventral striatum in the neural substrates?

    <p>Reward processing and empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emotions

    • Emotions are states associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing, guiding us on how to behave and what to avoid or seek out.
    • Emotions are critical for guiding social behavior, allowing us to mentalize (infer) and mirror (share) others' emotions and mental states.

    Theories of Emotion

    • Darwin's theory: Human emotions possess continuity with their animal counterparts, with conserved expressions across species.
    • James-Lange Theory: Emotion comes after expression, with self-perception of bodily changes producing emotional experience.
    • Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions come before expression, with bodily responses occurring after the emotion itself.
    • Papez Circuit and Limbic Brain: The papez circuit involves the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus, while the limbic brain includes the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex.

    Paul Ekman's Basic Emotions

    • Dr. Paul Ekman's work on expression and gesture and their role in emotion and deception.

    Other Contemporary Approaches

    • Feldman-Barrett theory: All emotions tap into a core affect system organized along two dimensions: pleasant-unpleasant and activation-deactivation.
    • Rolls theory: A constructionist approach, concerned with the dimensions of reward and punishment, their presence/absence, and intensity.

    Neural Substrates

    • Amygdala: Involved in memory, especially emotional content of memories; important for fear learning and recognizing fear.
    • Insula: Involved in bodily perception, pain and taste perception, and disgust (including moral disgust); monitors the internal state of the body.
    • OFC (Orbitofrontal Cortex): Computes the current value of a stimulus, linked to subjective reports of pleasantness.
    • Anterior Cingulate: Involved in error monitoring, bodily responses to emotions, and pain, as well as social aspects like empathy and exclusion.
    • Ventral Striatum: Dopaminergic pathway involved in reward-related processes, including social rewards.

    Reading Faces

    • Facial identity: Fusiform face area
    • Expression recognition & gaze processing: Superior temporal sulcus
    • Expressions also involve the extended system: Amygdala & insula
    • Simulation theory: We understand others' emotions and mental states by vicariously producing their current state in ourselves.

    Reading Faces (continued)

    • Social referencing: The emotional response of another person can lead to avoidance or interaction with a previously neutral stimulus.
    • Capgras syndrome: Patients can consciously recognize the person, but lack an emotional response to them, believing they were replaced with body doubles.

    Eye Gaze Information

    • Eyes inform about emotions, important for one-to-one communication.
    • Eye gaze can infer desire (next move).

    Reading Minds

    • Theory-of-mind: The ability to represent the mental states of others (e.g., beliefs, desires, intentions).
    • Empathy: The ability to appreciate others' points of view and share their experiences.
    • Mirror system: Neural circuits or regions that disregard the distinction between self and other.

    Emotions

    • Emotions are states associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing, guiding us on how to behave and what to avoid or seek out.
    • Emotions are critical for guiding social behavior, allowing us to mentalize (infer) and mirror (share) others' emotions and mental states.

    Theories of Emotion

    • Darwin's theory: Human emotions possess continuity with their animal counterparts, with conserved expressions across species.
    • James-Lange Theory: Emotion comes after expression, with self-perception of bodily changes producing emotional experience.
    • Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions come before expression, with bodily responses occurring after the emotion itself.
    • Papez Circuit and Limbic Brain: The papez circuit involves the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus, while the limbic brain includes the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex.

    Paul Ekman's Basic Emotions

    • Dr. Paul Ekman's work on expression and gesture and their role in emotion and deception.

    Other Contemporary Approaches

    • Feldman-Barrett theory: All emotions tap into a core affect system organized along two dimensions: pleasant-unpleasant and activation-deactivation.
    • Rolls theory: A constructionist approach, concerned with the dimensions of reward and punishment, their presence/absence, and intensity.

    Neural Substrates

    • Amygdala: Involved in memory, especially emotional content of memories; important for fear learning and recognizing fear.
    • Insula: Involved in bodily perception, pain and taste perception, and disgust (including moral disgust); monitors the internal state of the body.
    • OFC (Orbitofrontal Cortex): Computes the current value of a stimulus, linked to subjective reports of pleasantness.
    • Anterior Cingulate: Involved in error monitoring, bodily responses to emotions, and pain, as well as social aspects like empathy and exclusion.
    • Ventral Striatum: Dopaminergic pathway involved in reward-related processes, including social rewards.

    Reading Faces

    • Facial identity: Fusiform face area
    • Expression recognition & gaze processing: Superior temporal sulcus
    • Expressions also involve the extended system: Amygdala & insula
    • Simulation theory: We understand others' emotions and mental states by vicariously producing their current state in ourselves.

    Reading Faces (continued)

    • Social referencing: The emotional response of another person can lead to avoidance or interaction with a previously neutral stimulus.
    • Capgras syndrome: Patients can consciously recognize the person, but lack an emotional response to them, believing they were replaced with body doubles.

    Eye Gaze Information

    • Eyes inform about emotions, important for one-to-one communication.
    • Eye gaze can infer desire (next move).

    Reading Minds

    • Theory-of-mind: The ability to represent the mental states of others (e.g., beliefs, desires, intentions).
    • Empathy: The ability to appreciate others' points of view and share their experiences.
    • Mirror system: Neural circuits or regions that disregard the distinction between self and other.

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