chapter 15 easy + medium multiple choice

Emotions

• Emotions are states associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing, guiding us on how to behave and what to avoid or seek out.
• Emotions are critical for guiding social behavior, allowing us to mentalize (infer) and mirror (share) others' emotions and mental states.

Theories of Emotion

• Darwin's theory: Human emotions possess continuity with their animal counterparts, with conserved expressions across species.
• James-Lange Theory: Emotion comes after expression, with self-perception of bodily changes producing emotional experience.
• Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions come before expression, with bodily responses occurring after the emotion itself.
• Papez Circuit and Limbic Brain: The papez circuit involves the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus, while the limbic brain includes the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex.

Paul Ekman's Basic Emotions

• Dr. Paul Ekman's work on expression and gesture and their role in emotion and deception.

Other Contemporary Approaches

• Feldman-Barrett theory: All emotions tap into a core affect system organized along two dimensions: pleasant-unpleasant and activation-deactivation.
• Rolls theory: A constructionist approach, concerned with the dimensions of reward and punishment, their presence/absence, and intensity.

Neural Substrates

• Amygdala: Involved in memory, especially emotional content of memories; important for fear learning and recognizing fear.
• Insula: Involved in bodily perception, pain and taste perception, and disgust (including moral disgust); monitors the internal state of the body.
• OFC (Orbitofrontal Cortex): Computes the current value of a stimulus, linked to subjective reports of pleasantness.
• Anterior Cingulate: Involved in error monitoring, bodily responses to emotions, and pain, as well as social aspects like empathy and exclusion.
• Ventral Striatum: Dopaminergic pathway involved in reward-related processes, including social rewards.

Reading Faces

• Facial identity: Fusiform face area
• Expression recognition & gaze processing: Superior temporal sulcus
• Expressions also involve the extended system: Amygdala & insula
• Simulation theory: We understand others' emotions and mental states by vicariously producing their current state in ourselves.

Reading Faces (continued)

• Social referencing: The emotional response of another person can lead to avoidance or interaction with a previously neutral stimulus.
• Capgras syndrome: Patients can consciously recognize the person, but lack an emotional response to them, believing they were replaced with body doubles.

Eye Gaze Information

• Eyes inform about emotions, important for one-to-one communication.
• Eye gaze can infer desire (next move).

Reading Minds

• Theory-of-mind: The ability to represent the mental states of others (e.g., beliefs, desires, intentions).
• Empathy: The ability to appreciate others' points of view and share their experiences.
• Mirror system: Neural circuits or regions that disregard the distinction between self and other.

Emotions

• Emotions are states associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing, guiding us on how to behave and what to avoid or seek out.
• Emotions are critical for guiding social behavior, allowing us to mentalize (infer) and mirror (share) others' emotions and mental states.

Theories of Emotion

• Darwin's theory: Human emotions possess continuity with their animal counterparts, with conserved expressions across species.
• James-Lange Theory: Emotion comes after expression, with self-perception of bodily changes producing emotional experience.
• Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions come before expression, with bodily responses occurring after the emotion itself.
• Papez Circuit and Limbic Brain: The papez circuit involves the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus, while the limbic brain includes the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex.

Paul Ekman's Basic Emotions

• Dr. Paul Ekman's work on expression and gesture and their role in emotion and deception.

Other Contemporary Approaches

• Feldman-Barrett theory: All emotions tap into a core affect system organized along two dimensions: pleasant-unpleasant and activation-deactivation.
• Rolls theory: A constructionist approach, concerned with the dimensions of reward and punishment, their presence/absence, and intensity.

Neural Substrates

• Amygdala: Involved in memory, especially emotional content of memories; important for fear learning and recognizing fear.
• Insula: Involved in bodily perception, pain and taste perception, and disgust (including moral disgust); monitors the internal state of the body.
• OFC (Orbitofrontal Cortex): Computes the current value of a stimulus, linked to subjective reports of pleasantness.
• Anterior Cingulate: Involved in error monitoring, bodily responses to emotions, and pain, as well as social aspects like empathy and exclusion.
• Ventral Striatum: Dopaminergic pathway involved in reward-related processes, including social rewards.

Reading Faces

• Facial identity: Fusiform face area
• Expression recognition & gaze processing: Superior temporal sulcus
• Expressions also involve the extended system: Amygdala & insula
• Simulation theory: We understand others' emotions and mental states by vicariously producing their current state in ourselves.

Reading Faces (continued)

• Social referencing: The emotional response of another person can lead to avoidance or interaction with a previously neutral stimulus.
• Capgras syndrome: Patients can consciously recognize the person, but lack an emotional response to them, believing they were replaced with body doubles.

Eye Gaze Information

• Eyes inform about emotions, important for one-to-one communication.
• Eye gaze can infer desire (next move).

Reading Minds

• Theory-of-mind: The ability to represent the mental states of others (e.g., beliefs, desires, intentions).
• Empathy: The ability to appreciate others' points of view and share their experiences.
• Mirror system: Neural circuits or regions that disregard the distinction between self and other.