Questions and Answers
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ______.
Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries because she is allergic to them. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ______.
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Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
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Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ______ learning.
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________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
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In operant conditioning, ______ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
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Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?
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You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
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Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ______.
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Which of the following is the first step in the modeling process?
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Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
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In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ______.
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Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ______.
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Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. Which term describes Khaleel's squirming and giggling?
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Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
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Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidentally touch a hot stove are both examples of ______.
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Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
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Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ______ map, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
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Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
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When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ______ reinforcement.
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A dog is conditioned to associate a bell with food. Which of the following responses by the dog illustrates stimulus discrimination?
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Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
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Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
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John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?
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Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ______ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
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Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist, Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ______, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
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Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.
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In the initial period of learning, ______ refers to when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
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If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent a(n) ______.
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What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
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What is the main idea of social learning theory?
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Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ______.
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Study Notes
Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
- Operant conditioning involves associations formed through reinforcement, where behavior is influenced by consequences.
- Classical conditioning requires a neutral stimulus to be paired with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response.
Reinforcement Types
- Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior likelihood.
- Positive reinforcement provides a reward following a desired behavior.
- Continuous reinforcement rewards every instance of a behavior while partial reinforcement rewards inconsistently.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Variable ratio reinforcement is characterized by unpredictable intervals, promoting high response rates, as seen with lottery tickets.
- Fixed ratio reinforcement provides consistent rewards after a set number of behaviors, such as a dollar for each pound of worms.
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
- Stimulus generalization occurs when responses are elicited by similar stimuli, while discrimination involves differentiating between stimuli.
- Example: A dog drooling at the sound of a specific bell but not responding to other sounds shows stimulus discrimination.
Learning Concepts
- Latent learning occurs without immediate behavior changes until a suitable reward is presented.
- Observational learning demonstrates that individuals can acquire behaviors by watching others, as shown in social learning theory.
Reflexes and Instincts
- Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli, such as pupil contraction or quickly pulling away from a hot object.
- Instincts are inherent behaviors like migration in birds or young animals seeking their mothers.
Important Conditioning Terms
- Acquisition is the initial phase of learning in classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Extinction is the reduction of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause without retraining.
Conclusion of Learning Theories
- Watson and Rayner’s Little Albert study illustrates that emotions, such as fear, can be conditioned responses.
- Social learning theory emphasizes that behaviors can be learned vicariously through the observation of others, not solely through direct experiences.
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Description
Test your understanding of Chapter 6 concepts in PSYC 102 with these flashcards. This quiz focuses on operant conditioning and its key principles. Challenge yourself to identify the correct terminology and definitions related to the chapter.
