Podcast
Questions and Answers
When researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock, the electric shock is a(n):
When researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock, the electric shock is a(n):
- Conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Unconditioned stimulus (US) (correct)
- Conditioned response (CR)
- Unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:
Conditioned response
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that originally elicited no response but, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n):
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that originally elicited no response but, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n):
Conditioned stimulus
What is learning?
What is learning?
We typically learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results. This sounds like:
We typically learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results. This sounds like:
We learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain. This sounds like:
We learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain. This sounds like:
We learn new behaviors by observing events and by watching others. This sounds like:
We learn new behaviors by observing events and by watching others. This sounds like:
What is association?
What is association?
What is associative learning?
What is associative learning?
What two forms does the process of learning associations, known as conditioning, take?
What two forms does the process of learning associations, known as conditioning, take?
What is a stimulus?
What is a stimulus?
What is a respondent behavior?
What is a respondent behavior?
What happens in classical conditioning?
What happens in classical conditioning?
What happens in operant conditioning?
What happens in operant conditioning?
What are operant behaviors?
What are operant behaviors?
What is cognitive learning?
What is cognitive learning?
What is observational learning?
What is observational learning?
Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?
Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?
What phenomena did Ivan Pavlov explore?
What phenomena did Ivan Pavlov explore?
Who did John B. Watson get his inspiration from?
Who did John B. Watson get his inspiration from?
What view did John B. Watson explore?
What view did John B. Watson explore?
What is behaviorism?
What is behaviorism?
Who conducted the dog salivation experiment?
Who conducted the dog salivation experiment?
What is a neutral stimulus?
What is a neutral stimulus?
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
What is a conditioned stimulus?
What is a conditioned stimulus?
What are the five major conditioning processes explored by Ivan Pavlov?
What are the five major conditioning processes explored by Ivan Pavlov?
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?
What is acquisition?
What is acquisition?
What would happen if the food (US) appeared before the tone (NS) rather than after? Would conditioning occur?
What would happen if the food (US) appeared before the tone (NS) rather than after? Would conditioning occur?
Classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare.
Classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare.
Does classical conditioning happen when the NS follows the US?
Does classical conditioning happen when the NS follows the US?
Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce.
Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce.
If the aroma of a baking cake sets your mouth to watering, what is the US? The CS? The CR?
If the aroma of a baking cake sets your mouth to watering, what is the US? The CS? The CR?
What is extinction?
What is extinction?
What is a spontaneous recovery?
What is a spontaneous recovery?
The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called __________. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called __________.
The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called __________. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called __________.
What is generalization?
What is generalization?
What conditioning principle is influencing the snail's affections in the example given?
What conditioning principle is influencing the snail's affections in the example given?
What is discrimination?
What is discrimination?
Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment.
Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment.
What are the two main reasons that Pavlov's findings are so important?
What are the two main reasons that Pavlov's findings are so important?
In slasher movies, what might be an effect of pairing sexually arousing images with violence against women?
In slasher movies, what might be an effect of pairing sexually arousing images with violence against women?
What are two applications of Pavlov's work to human health and well-being?
What are two applications of Pavlov's work to human health and well-being?
Watson and Rayner used an 11-month-old baby to show how fear might be conditioned.
Watson and Rayner used an 11-month-old baby to show how fear might be conditioned.
What is the name of the 11-month-old baby in Watson and Rayner's experiment?
What is the name of the 11-month-old baby in Watson and Rayner's experiment?
What was the gist of the Little Albert experiment?
What was the gist of the Little Albert experiment?
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, what was the US? The UR? The NS? The CS? The CR?
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, what was the US? The UR? The NS? The CS? The CR?
What is learning, and what are some basic forms of learning?
What is learning, and what are some basic forms of learning?
What was behaviorism's view of learning?
What was behaviorism's view of learning?
Who was Pavlov, and what are the basic components of classical conditioning?
Who was Pavlov, and what are the basic components of classical conditioning?
Why does Pavlov's work remain so important?
Why does Pavlov's work remain so important?
What have been some applications of Pavlov's work to human health and well-being?
What have been some applications of Pavlov's work to human health and well-being?
Learning is defined as 'the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring ________ or ___________.
Learning is defined as 'the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring ________ or ___________.
Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates ________, and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates ________.
Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates ________, and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates ________.
In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus and then became a(n) __________ stimulus.
In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus and then became a(n) __________ stimulus.
Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of ___________.
Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of ___________.
After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustrates:
After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustrates:
"Sex sells!" is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.
"Sex sells!" is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.
What is cognitive learning?
What is cognitive learning?
What is associative learning?
What is associative learning?
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:
A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and at the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:
A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and at the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:
If a sea slug repeatedly receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates:
If a sea slug repeatedly receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates:
____________ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).
____________ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):
In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?
In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:
For conditioning to occur, a(n) ____________ must repeatedly come before a(n) unconditioned stimulus.
For conditioning to occur, a(n) ____________ must repeatedly come before a(n) unconditioned stimulus.
Watson and Pavlov agreed that:
Watson and Pavlov agreed that:
All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT the fact that:
All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT the fact that:
You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):
You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):
The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.
The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.
Study Notes
Learning Concepts
- Learning is the process of acquiring new information or behaviors through experience.
- Associative learning involves linking certain events together, which can occur through classical or operant conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to associate two stimuli, leading to an anticipated response.
- Key components include:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food).
- Unconditioned Response (UR): Automatic response to the US (e.g., salivation).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Originally neutral stimulus that, after association with the US, triggers a conditioned response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to the CS.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, where behaviors are influenced by rewards or punishments.
- Operant behaviors are actions that produce effects on the environment.
Learning Types
- Cognitive learning is acquiring knowledge through observation, language, or experiences.
- Observational learning allows learning from others' experiences, demonstrating the efficacy of modeling behavior.
Conditioning Processes
- Major processes in conditioning include:
- Acquisition: Initial stage where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with the US.
- Extinction: Diminishing of a CR when the CS no longer signals the US.
- Spontaneous recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished CR after a pause.
- Generalization: Tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.
- Discrimination: Ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli that do not signal the US.
Pavlov and Watson Contributions
- Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs established foundational principles of classical conditioning.
- John B. Watson expanded upon Pavlov's work, emphasizing behaviorism—the idea that psychology should study observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes.
- The "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated conditioned fear using classical conditioning principles on a young child.
Applications and Implications
- Classical conditioning can influence health, evident in cravings experienced by former drug users when encountering familiar contexts.
- Conditioning concepts are applicable in understanding the formation of habits and emotional responses in varied contexts, such as advertising.
Research Findings
- Taste aversion studies by Garcia determined that organisms are more likely to associate taste with negative experiences than other sensory inputs.
- Psychologists utilize conditioning principles to explain emotional responses, such as fear or arousal in specific contexts.
Key Terms Overview
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that initially elicits no response.
- Respondent Behavior: Automatic response to a stimulus.
- Generalization and Discrimination: Concepts that reflect how organisms respond to similar or distinct stimuli.
Significant Contributions
- Pavlov's work demonstrated that learning phenomena can be studied objectively across different species.
- Classical conditioning remains a crucial concept in understanding learning and behavior modification.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards on learning theories from Psychology Module 19. The quiz covers key concepts such as operant conditioning and the definitions of learning. It's a great way to solidify your understanding of behavioral psychology.
