Psychology Module 19 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

When researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock, the electric shock is a(n):

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Unconditioned stimulus (US) (correct)

Conditioned response (CR)

Unconditioned response (UR)

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

Conditioned response

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that originally elicited no response but, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n):

Conditioned stimulus

What is learning?

The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

We typically learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results. This sounds like:

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

We learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain. This sounds like:

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

We learn new behaviors by observing events and by watching others. This sounds like:

Cognitive learning Signup and view all the answers

What is association?

Our mind naturally connects events that occur in sequence. Signup and view all the answers

What is associative learning?

Learning that certain events occur together. Signup and view all the answers

What two forms does the process of learning associations, known as conditioning, take?

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stimulus?

Any event or situation that evokes a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a respondent behavior?

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in classical conditioning?

We learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in operant conditioning?

We learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence. Signup and view all the answers

What are operant behaviors?

Behaviors that operate on the environment, producing consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive learning?

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language. Signup and view all the answers

What is observational learning?

A form of cognitive learning that lets us learn from others' experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?

Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and learn associations—often without our awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomena did Ivan Pavlov explore?

Classical conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

Who did John B. Watson get his inspiration from?

Ivan Pavlov. Signup and view all the answers

What view did John B. Watson explore?

Behaviorism. Signup and view all the answers

What is behaviorism?

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the dog salivation experiment?

Ivan Pavlov. Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutral stimulus?

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US). Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that unconditionally triggers an unconditioned response (UR). Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus?

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR). Signup and view all the answers

What are the five major conditioning processes explored by Ivan Pavlov?

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalization, Discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?

NS = Tone before conditioning, US = Air puff, UR = Blink to air puff, CS = Tone after conditioning, CR = Blink to tone. Signup and view all the answers

What is acquisition?

The initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the food (US) appeared before the tone (NS) rather than after? Would conditioning occur?

Not likely. Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare.

True Signup and view all the answers

Does classical conditioning happen when the NS follows the US?

False Signup and view all the answers

Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce.

True Signup and view all the answers

If the aroma of a baking cake sets your mouth to watering, what is the US? The CS? The CR?

The cake (and its taste) are the US. The associated aroma is the CS. Salivation to the aroma is the CR. Signup and view all the answers

What is extinction?

The diminishing of a conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a spontaneous recovery?

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called . When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called .

<ol> <li>Acquisition, 2. Extinction.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is generalization?

The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. Signup and view all the answers

What conditioning principle is influencing the snail's affections in the example given?

Generalization. Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination?

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main reasons that Pavlov's findings are so important?

<ol> <li>Many responses can be classically conditioned in many organisms. 2. Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

In slasher movies, what might be an effect of pairing sexually arousing images with violence against women?

Pairing a US (a nude woman) with a new stimulus (violence) could turn the violence into a CS that also becomes sexually arousing. Signup and view all the answers

What are two applications of Pavlov's work to human health and well-being?

<ol> <li>Former drug users often feel cravings in drug-using contexts. 2. Classical conditioning may influence the immune response.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Watson and Rayner used an 11-month-old baby to show how fear might be conditioned.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the 11-month-old baby in Watson and Rayner's experiment?

Little Albert. Signup and view all the answers

What was the gist of the Little Albert experiment?

Watson and Rayner presented a white rat with a loud noise, leading Albert to fear the rat. Signup and view all the answers

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, what was the US? The UR? The NS? The CS? The CR?

US = Loud noise; UR = Fear response to the noise; NS = Rat before pairing; CS = Rat after pairing; CR = Fear of the rat. Signup and view all the answers

What is learning, and what are some basic forms of learning?

Learning is the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. Basic forms include associative learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning. Signup and view all the answers

What was behaviorism's view of learning?

Behaviorism claims that psychology should be an objective science studying behavior without reference to mental processes. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Pavlov, and what are the basic components of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his work on classical conditioning, which consists of the NS (neutral stimulus), UR (unconditioned response), US (unconditioned stimulus), CS (conditioned stimulus), and CR (conditioned response). Signup and view all the answers

Why does Pavlov's work remain so important?

Pavlov taught that significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively, and that classical conditioning is a basic learning form applicable to all species. Signup and view all the answers

What have been some applications of Pavlov's work to human health and well-being?

Classical conditioning is used in behavioral therapy and has implications for the body's immune response. Watson applied these principles in studying learned fears. Signup and view all the answers

Learning is defined as 'the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring or ___.

<ol> <li>Information 2. Behaviors.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates , and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates .

Two or more stimuli; a response and consequence Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus and then became a(n) __________ stimulus.

Conditioned. Signup and view all the answers

Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of ___________.

Discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustrates:

Generalization Signup and view all the answers

"Sex sells!" is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.

A sexual image is a US that triggers a UR of interest or arousal. Before the advertisement pairs a product with a sexual image, the product is an NS. Over time the product can become a CS that triggers the CR of interest or arousal. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive learning?

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language. Signup and view all the answers

What is associative learning?

Learning that certain events occur together. Signup and view all the answers

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

Rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. Signup and view all the answers

A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and at the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:

Generalization. Signup and view all the answers

If a sea slug repeatedly receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates:

Associative learning. Signup and view all the answers

____________ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Generalization. Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

Unconditioned stimulus (US). Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?

Unconditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

The discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. Signup and view all the answers

For conditioning to occur, a(n) ____________ must repeatedly come before a(n) unconditioned stimulus.

Neutral stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Watson and Pavlov agreed that:

Laws of learning are the same for all animals. Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT the fact that:

His methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments. Signup and view all the answers

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):

Conditioned response (CR). Signup and view all the answers

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _ and showed the power of _.

Albert Bandura; observational learning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Concepts

Learning is the process of acquiring new information or behaviors through experience.
Associative learning involves linking certain events together, which can occur through classical or operant conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to associate two stimuli, leading to an anticipated response.
Key components include:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food).
- Unconditioned Response (UR): Automatic response to the US (e.g., salivation).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Originally neutral stimulus that, after association with the US, triggers a conditioned response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to the CS.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, where behaviors are influenced by rewards or punishments.
Operant behaviors are actions that produce effects on the environment.

Learning Types

Cognitive learning is acquiring knowledge through observation, language, or experiences.
Observational learning allows learning from others' experiences, demonstrating the efficacy of modeling behavior.

Conditioning Processes

Major processes in conditioning include:
- Acquisition: Initial stage where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with the US.
- Extinction: Diminishing of a CR when the CS no longer signals the US.
- Spontaneous recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished CR after a pause.
- Generalization: Tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.
- Discrimination: Ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli that do not signal the US.

Pavlov and Watson Contributions

Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs established foundational principles of classical conditioning.
John B. Watson expanded upon Pavlov's work, emphasizing behaviorism—the idea that psychology should study observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes.
The "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated conditioned fear using classical conditioning principles on a young child.

Applications and Implications

Classical conditioning can influence health, evident in cravings experienced by former drug users when encountering familiar contexts.
Conditioning concepts are applicable in understanding the formation of habits and emotional responses in varied contexts, such as advertising.

Research Findings

Taste aversion studies by Garcia determined that organisms are more likely to associate taste with negative experiences than other sensory inputs.
Psychologists utilize conditioning principles to explain emotional responses, such as fear or arousal in specific contexts.

Key Terms Overview

Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that initially elicits no response.
Respondent Behavior: Automatic response to a stimulus.
Generalization and Discrimination: Concepts that reflect how organisms respond to similar or distinct stimuli.

Significant Contributions

Pavlov's work demonstrated that learning phenomena can be studied objectively across different species.
Classical conditioning remains a crucial concept in understanding learning and behavior modification.

Studying That Suits You

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on learning theories from Psychology Module 19. The quiz covers key concepts such as operant conditioning and the definitions of learning. It's a great way to solidify your understanding of behavioral psychology.

Psychology Module 19 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

When researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock, the electric shock is a(n):

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that originally elicited no response but, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n):

What is learning?

We typically learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results. This sounds like:

We learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain. This sounds like:

We learn new behaviors by observing events and by watching others. This sounds like:

What is association?

What is associative learning?

What two forms does the process of learning associations, known as conditioning, take?

What is a stimulus?

What is a respondent behavior?

What happens in classical conditioning?

What happens in operant conditioning?

What are operant behaviors?

What is cognitive learning?

What is observational learning?

Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?

What phenomena did Ivan Pavlov explore?

Who did John B. Watson get his inspiration from?

What view did John B. Watson explore?

What is behaviorism?

Who conducted the dog salivation experiment?

What is a neutral stimulus?

What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

What is a conditioned stimulus?

What are the five major conditioning processes explored by Ivan Pavlov?

An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?

What is acquisition?

What would happen if the food (US) appeared before the tone (NS) rather than after? Would conditioning occur?

Classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare.

Does classical conditioning happen when the NS follows the US?

Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce.

If the aroma of a baking cake sets your mouth to watering, what is the US? The CS? The CR?

What is extinction?

What is a spontaneous recovery?

The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called __________. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called __________.

What is generalization?

What conditioning principle is influencing the snail's affections in the example given?

What is discrimination?

Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment.

What are the two main reasons that Pavlov's findings are so important?

In slasher movies, what might be an effect of pairing sexually arousing images with violence against women?

What are two applications of Pavlov's work to human health and well-being?

Watson and Rayner used an 11-month-old baby to show how fear might be conditioned.

What is the name of the 11-month-old baby in Watson and Rayner's experiment?

What was the gist of the Little Albert experiment?

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, what was the US? The UR? The NS? The CS? The CR?

What is learning, and what are some basic forms of learning?

What was behaviorism's view of learning?

Who was Pavlov, and what are the basic components of classical conditioning?

Why does Pavlov's work remain so important?

What have been some applications of Pavlov's work to human health and well-being?

Learning is defined as 'the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring ________ or ___________.

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates ________, and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates ________.

In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus and then became a(n) __________ stimulus.

Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of ___________.

After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustrates:

"Sex sells!" is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.

What is cognitive learning?

What is associative learning?

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and at the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:

If a sea slug repeatedly receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates:

____________ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

For conditioning to occur, a(n) ____________ must repeatedly come before a(n) unconditioned stimulus.

Watson and Pavlov agreed that:

All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT the fact that:

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

Study Notes

Learning Concepts

Classical Conditioning

The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called . When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called .

Learning is defined as 'the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring or ___.

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates , and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates .

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _ and showed the power of _.