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Questions and Answers
What is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables called?
Which school of psychology focuses on the function of consciousness and its role in adapting to the environment?
What are the chemicals referred to as that are secreted from the terminal button?
In Jim's research, what is the dependent variable?
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Based on the structure of the animal's eyes, what would you expect?
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What is the independent variable in Jim's research?
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What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
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What is the main focus of Functionalism in psychology?
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What is the purpose of the terminal button in neurons?
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What would be the expected outcome of an animal with only cones in its retinal receptor cells?
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What is the role of the dendrites in neurons?
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What is the term for a conclusion drawn from research findings?
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What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?
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What is the primary focus of the school of psychology that emphasizes the role of consciousness in adapting to the environment?
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What is the term for the process by which the senses detect and respond to stimuli?
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What would be the most likely outcome for an animal with only cones in its retinal receptor cells?
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What is the term for a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables?
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What is the role of the terminal button in neurons?
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What type of message is sent from a neuron to another neuron when the previous neuron fires but the second neuron does not fire?
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What is the range of correlation coefficients that indicate the strength of a relationship between two variables?
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Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?
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What is the term for the space between a terminal button and a dendrite?
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Which school of psychology focuses on observable behavior?
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What is the largest part of the brain?
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What is the term for a statement that predicts the relationship between two variables?
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What is the term for the ability to infer a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables?
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Which of the following is a step in the scientific investigation?
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What is the correlation coefficient that indicates no relationship between two variables?
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What is the type of procedure in which neither the researcher nor the participants know who is receiving the treatment or the placebo?
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What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the term for the measurable conditions or events that are controlled or observed by the researcher in a study?
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What is the type of study that involves observing behaviors of subjects in their natural environment without intervening directly?
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What is the neurotransmitter that helps suppress pain?
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What is the term for the junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next neuron?
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What is the term for the study of the mind involving the organism's behavior and mental processes?
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What is the type of assignment in which subjects have an equal chance of being in either the control or experimental group?
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What are the chemicals referred to as that are secreted by the terminal button?
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What is the term for an in-depth investigation of an individual subject that uses interviewing, observation, research of records, and psychological testing?
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Study Notes
Research Methods in Psychology
- Hypothesis: A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
- Dependent Variable: The outcome measured in a study; for example, aggressive behavior in Jim's television research.
- Control Group: Participants who receive a placebo in drug studies to compare against those receiving the actual treatment.
Schools of Thought in Psychology
- Functionalism: Focuses on the purpose of consciousness and behavior's role in adapting to the environment.
- Behaviorism: Emphasizes observable behavior over internal processes; agrees that psychology should study behavior objectively.
Neurotransmitters and Neurons
- Neurotransmitters: Chemicals secreted from terminal buttons that transmit messages between neurons.
- Excitatory and Inhibitory Messages: Neurons can give messages that either encourage (excitatory) or discourage (inhibitory) firing of the next neuron.
- Action Potential: A brief electrical charge that travels down a neuron when activated.
Sensory Systems
- Visual System: Involves receptors that trigger signals processed into vision; includes cones (for color detection) but lacks rods (for low-light vision).
- Hearing Process: Sound waves are transmitted through the ear's structures (hammer, anvil, stirrup) to the brain.
- Touch, Taste, and Smell: Each employs different receptors, with smell directly processing signals to the cortex without passing through the thalamus.
Experimental and Correlational Research
- Correlation Coefficient: Ranges from -1.0 to +1.0, indicating strength and direction of relationships between variables.
- Double-Blind Procedure: A research design where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who receives the treatment versus the placebo.
- Random Assignment: Each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group to ensure validity in experimental designs.
Neuroanatomy and Brain Functions
- Forebrain: Largest part of the brain, includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.
- Neurological Cells: Include neurons, which transmit information, and glia, which support and protect neurons.
Theories and Concepts in Psychology
- Opponent Process Theory: Suggests that color receptors are linked in pairs; activation of one inhibits the other.
- Adaptation: The process by which an individual becomes desensitized to constant stimuli, like noise from airplanes.
General Concepts
- Sensation vs. Perception: Sensation refers to the activation of sensory receptors, while perception is the interpretation of those sensations.
- Self-Fulfillment Perspective: The belief that all people are capable of realizing their potential, aligning with humanistic psychology.
- Pain as Perception: Recognized as a subjective experience rather than a concrete event, highlighting the mind's role in interpreting pain.
Types of Psychological Research
- Case Study: An extensive examination of a single subject involving multiple research methods.
- Variables: Any measurable conditions observed or manipulated in research.
- Psychological Fields: Encompasses various subfields, including clinical, cognitive, and developmental psychology.
Key Terminology
- Soma, Dendrites, Axon: Essential parts of a neuron involved in processing and transmitting information.
- Synapse: The junction where communication occurs between neurons through chemical signals.
These notes encompass key facts and concepts from basic psychology, providing an overview of essential topics for understanding foundational principles in psychological research and theory.
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Description
Assess your knowledge of general psychology concepts, including theories, hypotheses, and schools of psychology. This exam covers the basics of psychology, including functionalism, behaviorism, and more.
