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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is an action potential?
What is an action potential?
- Part of the neuron containing the cell nucleus
- Layer of fatty insulation around the axon
- Neural impulse (correct)
- Chemical released by neurons
What does the axon do?
What does the axon do?
Conveys impulses away from the neuron's cell body.
What is another name for the cell body of a neuron?
What is another name for the cell body of a neuron?
Soma
What are dendrites responsible for?
What are dendrites responsible for?
What is the role of the endocrine system?
What is the role of the endocrine system?
What are endorphins?
What are endorphins?
What do glial cells do?
What do glial cells do?
What are hormones responsible for?
What are hormones responsible for?
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
What is a neuron?
What is a neuron?
What is a neurotransmitter?
What is a neurotransmitter?
What does the synapse refer to?
What does the synapse refer to?
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
What does the central nervous system consist of?
What does the central nervous system consist of?
What is neurogenesis?
What is neurogenesis?
What does neuroplasticity refer to?
What does neuroplasticity refer to?
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?
What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?
What is a reflex?
What is a reflex?
What does the somatic nervous system connect to?
What does the somatic nervous system connect to?
What are stem cells?
What are stem cells?
What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
What function does the amygdala serve?
What function does the amygdala serve?
What are association areas in the brain?
What are association areas in the brain?
What is the brainstem's role?
What is the brainstem's role?
What does the cerebellum coordinate?
What does the cerebellum coordinate?
What is the cerebral cortex?
What is the cerebral cortex?
What is the corpus callosum?
What is the corpus callosum?
What structures are included in the forebrain?
What structures are included in the forebrain?
What do the frontal lobes govern?
What do the frontal lobes govern?
What is the hindbrain comprised of?
What is the hindbrain comprised of?
What part of the limbic system is involved in memory?
What part of the limbic system is involved in memory?
What does the hypothalamus govern?
What does the hypothalamus govern?
What does the limbic system involve?
What does the limbic system involve?
What functions does the medulla control?
What functions does the medulla control?
What functions does the midbrain coordinate?
What functions does the midbrain coordinate?
What is the primary function of the occipital lobes?
What is the primary function of the occipital lobes?
What do the parietal lobes interpret?
What do the parietal lobes interpret?
What is the pons responsible for?
What is the pons responsible for?
What does the reticular formation control?
What does the reticular formation control?
What is split-brain surgery?
What is split-brain surgery?
What functions are performed by the temporal lobes?
What functions are performed by the temporal lobes?
What role does the thalamus play?
What role does the thalamus play?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Neural Structures and Functions
- Action Potential: Brief electrical charge that transmits information along an axon when positively charged ions flow through membrane channels.
- Axon: Long structure that conveys neural impulses away from the neuron's cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
- Cell Body: Contains the nucleus and structures necessary for neuron function; also referred to as the soma.
- Dendrites: Branching structures that receive signals from other neurons and direct them toward the cell body.
- Neuron: Fundamental unit of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical signals.
Nervous System Components
- Glial Cells: Support cells for neurons, providing structure, nutrition, and communication within the nervous system.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nerves connecting the central nervous system to the body, subdivided into autonomic and somatic systems.
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord, central to processing and relaying information.
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
- Neurotransmitters: Chemicals released at synapses that transmit signals between neurons across the synaptic gap.
- Synapse: The junction where communication occurs between the axon tip of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another.
Endocrine System and Hormones
- Endocrine System: Collection of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions.
- Hormones: Chemical messengers that facilitate changes or maintain normal functions in the body.
Brain Structure and Functions
- Amygdala: Limbic system structure related to emotion production and regulation.
- Cerebral Cortex: Thin outer layer of cerebral hemispheres, critical for complex behaviors and higher mental processes.
- Hippocampus: Involved in memory formation and retrieval.
- Thalamus: Relay station for sensory messages to the cerebral cortex.
- Limbic System: Interconnected structures associated with emotions, drives, and memory.
Brain Lobes and Associated Functions
- Frontal Lobes: Control motor functions, speech, higher order thinking, personality, emotions, and memory.
- Parietal Lobes: Process bodily sensations.
- Occipital Lobes: Responsible for vision and visual perception.
- Temporal Lobes: Involved in hearing, language comprehension, memory, and emotional processing.
Nervous System Divisions
- Autonomic Nervous System: Manages involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion, further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Activates fight or flight response during stress.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Calms the body and conserves energy after stress.
Other Key Concepts
- Neurogenesis: Generation of new neurons throughout life.
- Neuroplasticity: The brain's capacity to reorganize itself functionally and structurally over time.
- Reflex: An innate, automatic response to stimuli.
- Myelin Sheath: Fatty insulation around axons that accelerates nerve impulse transmission.
Brainstem and Coordination
- Brainstem: Houses critical structures for reflexive activities necessary for survival (heart rate, respiration).
- Cerebellum: Coordinates fine motor movement, balance, and cognitive functions.
- Medulla: Controls automatic functions like breathing and heartbeat.
- Pons: Involved in regulating respiration, sleep, and motor movement.
Unique Procedures
- Split-Brain Surgery: Surgical procedure to sever the corpus callosum, helping to treat epilepsy and advancing understanding of hemispheric functions.
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