PS2111: Selective Attention in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which component of the FPAN model is responsible for integrating and weighting bottom-up and top-down information?

  • Action
  • Selection (correct)
  • Comprehension
  • Audition

    • What is the main difference in attentional processing between young and old observers in terms of coherent motion?

  • Old observers are more sensitive to coherent motion
  • Old observers have a faster response to coherent motion
  • Old observers have a similar sensitivity to coherent motion
  • Old observers are less sensitive to coherent motion (correct)

    • What is the primary effect of top-down modulation on SSVEP amplitude in older adults?

  • Significantly decreases the amplitude (correct)
  • Has a negligible effect on the amplitude
  • Has a variable effect on the amplitude
  • Significantly increases the amplitude

    • Which of the following cognitive processes is most affected by ageing and cognitive change?

    <p>Sensory acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the frontoparietal attentional network (FPAN) model?

    <p>To facilitate attentional processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following references is related to the study of attentional components in older adults?

    <p>Konrad et al. (2005)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major contributor to the decline in visual search for conjunction targets in older observers?

    <p>Deficit in top-down prioritization of relevant features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Steady State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) in attentional research?

    <p>Ability to isolate top-down control from bottom-up processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ageing on attentional processing, according to the research?

    <p>Decline in top-down prioritization of relevant features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the neural mechanisms underlying attentional processing in young and older adults?

    <p>Young adults have a more efficient frontoparietal attentional network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the decline in sensory acuity in older adults?

    <p>Age-related changes in peripheral sensory systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using the pre-cue SSVEP amplitude paradigm in attentional research?

    <p>Ability to equate perceptual discriminability of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Frontoparietal Attentional Network (FPAN) in selective attention?

    <p>To modulate top-down modulation of sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in alerting effects between children and adults, as shown by fMRI studies?

    <p>Adults show a larger alerting effect compared to children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cognitive changes is associated with ageing?

    <p>Reduced ability to select, process and solve problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of presbycusis and presbyopia on sensory acuity?

    <p>Reduced sensory acuity due to physiological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is more active in children compared to adults during reorienting attention?

    <p>Superior frontal gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in reorienting costs between children and adults?

    <p>Adults have a smaller reorienting cost compared to children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the right temporoparietal cortex in attentional processing?

    <p>It is involved in reorienting attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of top-down modulation on sensory input in older adults?

    <p>It is reduced due to age-related decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in interference effects between children and adults, as shown by fMRI studies?

    <p>Adults have a smaller interference effect compared to children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the development of top-down attentional processes and age?

    <p>Top-down attentional processes develop during maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Selective Attention

    • Selective attention is essential for guided behavior and involves the integration of sensory information with cognition and action.

    Sensory Systems

    • Selective attention involves the coordination of multiple sensory systems, including audition, olfaction, touch, and vision.

    Development of Selective Attention

    • Enns and Brodeur (1989) investigated covert attention in children aged 6, 8, and 20 years using peripheral cues.
    • Results showed that:
      • Children and adults automatically orient attention towards peripheral cues.
      • RTs decreased with age.
      • Costs associated with invalid cues decreased with age.
      • RT for adults was faster to targets at valid locations for predictable but not unpredictable cues.
      • RT for children was comparable to predictable and unpredictable cues.

    Brain Development and Attention

    • Konrad et al. (2005) used fMRI to compare brain activation in children (8-12 years) and adults (20-34 years) during different components of attention.
    • Results showed that:
      • Children showed a smaller alerting effect.
      • Children showed a significantly larger invalid cost.
      • Children showed a significantly larger interference effect.
      • Activation in response to alerting, orienting, and executive attention in adults evidenced top-down modulation via frontoparietal attentional network (FPAN).
      • Top-down modulation of sensory input by FPAN was less established in children.

    Selective Attention and Ageing

    • Ageing is associated with physiological and cognitive changes.
    • Physiological changes reduce the acuity of sensory receptors (e.g., presbycusis and presbyopia).
    • Ageing also affects cognition, with changes in crystallized abilities (knowledge and vocabulary) and fluid abilities (processing speed, memory, and executive control).
    • Normal ageing and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) affect attentional abilities.

    Testing Your Understanding

    • Can you assign the attentional components measured by Konrad et al. (2005) to:
      • The functional components of the FPAN model?
      • The anatomical components of the FPAN model?

    Further Reading

    • Any cognitive textbook that includes a chapter on attention.

    References

    • Enns & Brodeur (1989). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48: 171-189.
    • Konrad et al. (2005). NeuroImage, 28: 429-439.
    • Stevens & Bavelier (2012). Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2: S30-S48.
    • Ptak (2012). The Neuroscientist, 18: 502-515.
    • Murman (2015). Seminars in Hearing, 36: 111-121.
    • Müller et al. (2006). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, United States of America, 103: 14250-14254.
    • Quigley et al. (2010). Neuroscience Letters, 474: 58.
    • Cox et al. (2016). Nature Communications, 7: 1362.

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    2111 Attention L4.pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge on selective attention, a crucial aspect of guided behavior, including its relation to sensory systems, memory, decision-making, and development across the life span.

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