2111 Attention L4.pptx

Selective Attention 4 (PS2111) Dr. Doug Barrett e-mail:[email protected] Selective Attention Selective attention is essential to guided behaviour Action Audition Shortterm memory Olfaction Touch PS2111 Selection Vision Compreh ension Decisionmaking Selective Attention & Ageing Ability to select and pri...

Selective Attention 4 (PS2111) Dr. Doug Barrett e-mail:[email protected] Selective Attention Selective attention is essential to guided behaviour Action Audition Shortterm memory Olfaction Touch PS2111 Selection Vision Compreh ension Decisionmaking Selective Attention & Ageing Ability to select and prioritise information depends upon: – Sensory systems – Knowledge, memory capacity and decision processes Perception and cognition change across the life span PS2111 Selective Attention & Development 5-Areas of Attention PS2111 Selective Attention & Development Enns & Brodeur (1989) investigated covert attention in observers aged 6, 8 and 20 years – Used peripheral cues – Short CTOAS ( ms) – Cue location was predictive (80%) of target or unpredictable (random) PS2111 Selective Attention & Development > Valid > Invalid > PS2111 Neutral Selective Attention & Development Cost = Invalid – valid RT PS2111 Selective Attention & Development RTs decreased with age Costs associated with invalid cues decreased with age RT for adults faster to targets at valid location for predictable but not unpredictable cues RT for children comparable to predictable and unpredictable cues PS2111 Selective Attention & Development Children and adults automatically orient attention towards peripheral cues RT benefit modulated by predictability for adult observers Children are less able to reorient attention away from exogenous cue PS2111 Selective Attention & Development Konrad et al (2005) used fMRI to compare brain activation in children (8-12 years) and adults (20-34 years) during different components of attention – Alerting – Reorienting – Executive attention PS2111 Selective Attention & Development Alerting Null event – double cue Reorienting Invalid – valid cue Executive Attention Incongruent – congruent target PS2111 Selective Attention & Development Children showed a smaller alerting effect Children showed a significantly larger invalid cost Children showed a significantly larger interference effect PS2111 Selective Attention & Development Alerting: Adults > Children - right cingulate gyrus Reorienting: Adults > Children - right inferior frontal gyrus - right temporoparietal PS2111 Selective Attention & Development Reorienting: Adults > Children - superior parietal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus Reorienting: Children > Adults - superior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus PS2111 Selective Attention & Development Behavioural and fMRI data consistent with fractionation of attentional processes Activation in response to alerting, orienting and executive attention in adults evidences top-down modulation via frontoparietal attentional network (FPAN) PS2111 Selective Attention & Development Top-down modulation of sensory input by FPAN less established in children Results consistent with the development of top-down attentional process during maturation (e.g., Stevens & Bavelier, 2012) PS2111 Frontoparietal Attention Network (FPAN) Ptak (2012) The Neuroscientist 18(5): 502-515 Selective Attention & Ageing Ageing associated with physiological and cognitive change Physiological changes reduced the acuity of sensory receptors (e.g., presbycusis and presbyopia) PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Ageing associated with physiological and cognitive change Physiological changes reduced the acuity of sensory receptors (e.g., presbycusis and presbyopia) PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Ageing also associated with changes in cognition Chrystallised abilities: knowledge & cocabulary Fluid abilities: Ability to select, process and solve problems (i.e., processing speed, memory & executive control: Murman, 2015) PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Normal MCI AD de Groot, M. (2014). Cross-Subject Image Analysis in Diffusion Brain MRI (No. 310). PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Cox et al, M. (2016). Nature Communications, 7, 1362. PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Changes in sensory acuity and cognition affect attention Visual search for conjunction but not feature-targets declines in older observers Attributed to deficit in topdown prioritisation of relevant features PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Steady state visual evoked potentials can be used to measure top-down enhancement / suppression of task relevant / irrelevant stimuli over time Important to equate perceptual discriminability of stimuli (i.e., isolate top-down control) PS2111 Steady State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) Müller et al., (2006) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA PS2111 Steady State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Quigley et al. (2010). Neuroscience Letters, 474: 58. Young: N = 10 Old: N = 9 M 24.1 SD = 3.9 M 67.7 SD = 7.1 years years 12 Hz. 8 Hz. PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Pre-cue SSVEP amplitude comparable across young and older observers No difference in perceptual sensitivity to blue and red stimuli PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Post-cue SSVEP amplitude differentiated attended vs. ignored stimuli Top-down modulation of SSVEP amplitude significantly smaller in old compared to young observers PS2111 Selective Attention & Ageing Old less sensitive than young observers to coherent motion (d’) Attention modulated SSVEP in young and old observers Magnitude of modulation young significantly larger in young than old observers PS2111 Selective Attention Integrates and weights bottom-up & top-down information Action Audition Shortterm memory Olfaction Touch PS2111 Selection Vision Compreh ension Decisionmaking Testing your understanding… Can you assign the attentional components measured by Konrad et al (2005) to: 1. The functional components of the FPAN model? 2. The anatomical components of the FPAN model? (See slide 16) PS2111 Further reading: Any cognitive text book that includes a chapter on attention References in the lecture: 1. Enns & Brodeur (1989). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48: 171-189. 2. Konrad et al., (2005). NeuroImage, 28: 429-439. 3. Stevens & Bavelier (2012). Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2: S30-S48. 4. Ptak (2012). Neuroscientist, 18: 505-515. 5. Murman (2015). Seminars in Hearing, 36: 111-121. 6. Müller et al., (2006). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, United States of America, 103: 14250-14254. 7. Quigley et al., (2010). Neuroscience Letters, 474: 5-8. PS2111