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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the 'Industry vs Inferiority' stage in Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development?
What is the primary focus of the 'Industry vs Inferiority' stage in Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development?
- To explore autonomy and independence
- To form trusting relationships
- To establish a sense of identity
- To develop a sense of competence and achievement (correct)
According to Erikson's theory, what outcome may occur if an adolescent cannot resolve the identity crisis?
According to Erikson's theory, what outcome may occur if an adolescent cannot resolve the identity crisis?
- Positive self-concept
- Successful identity achievement
- Feelings of isolation and depression (correct)
- Enhanced autonomy
Which process involves intentionally focusing on information relevant to a current goal?
Which process involves intentionally focusing on information relevant to a current goal?
- Active processing
- Memory consolidation
- Rehearsal
- Selective attention (correct)
What is one potential negative outcome of identity foreclosure?
What is one potential negative outcome of identity foreclosure?
In the context of Erikson's stages, what does 'identity diffusion' refer to?
In the context of Erikson's stages, what does 'identity diffusion' refer to?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of Tabula Rasa?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of Tabula Rasa?
What principle is primarily associated with John Watson and his view on child development?
What principle is primarily associated with John Watson and his view on child development?
Which of the following statements best reflects the views of Jean Jacques Rousseau on child development?
Which of the following statements best reflects the views of Jean Jacques Rousseau on child development?
In the context of child development, which theory emphasizes the role of early experiences and emotional bonds?
In the context of child development, which theory emphasizes the role of early experiences and emotional bonds?
What key contribution did G. Stanley Hall make to the field of psychology?
What key contribution did G. Stanley Hall make to the field of psychology?
What is a significant criticism of the behaviorist view of development?
What is a significant criticism of the behaviorist view of development?
What major change in the understanding of child development did Jean Piaget contribute?
What major change in the understanding of child development did Jean Piaget contribute?
Which theme in child development encompasses both innate characteristics and experiential learning?
Which theme in child development encompasses both innate characteristics and experiential learning?
What does the term 'Nature' primarily refer to in the context of individual differences?
What does the term 'Nature' primarily refer to in the context of individual differences?
Which statement best explains the relationship between nature and nurture in language development?
Which statement best explains the relationship between nature and nurture in language development?
What is suggested by Watson’s Little Albert Study regarding innate fears?
What is suggested by Watson’s Little Albert Study regarding innate fears?
In what way do children actively shape their development?
In what way do children actively shape their development?
What does continuity in development refer to?
What does continuity in development refer to?
Which mechanism is NOT mentioned as a process of developmental change?
Which mechanism is NOT mentioned as a process of developmental change?
How does the sociocultural context influence development according to the content provided?
How does the sociocultural context influence development according to the content provided?
What is one way children demonstrate motivation to learn?
What is one way children demonstrate motivation to learn?
What is the main process by which children adjust their understanding of the world based on new experiences?
What is the main process by which children adjust their understanding of the world based on new experiences?
Which of the following stages of Piaget's cognitive development occurs from birth to 2 years?
Which of the following stages of Piaget's cognitive development occurs from birth to 2 years?
What does the process of equilibration achieve in a child's cognitive development?
What does the process of equilibration achieve in a child's cognitive development?
What does Piaget's theory suggest about the nature of cognitive development in children?
What does Piaget's theory suggest about the nature of cognitive development in children?
Which of the following best describes assimilation in the context of cognitive development?
Which of the following best describes assimilation in the context of cognitive development?
Which factor is likely to influence individual differences in cognitive development among siblings?
Which factor is likely to influence individual differences in cognitive development among siblings?
In the preoperational stage of development, which cognitive ability is most notably underdeveloped in children?
In the preoperational stage of development, which cognitive ability is most notably underdeveloped in children?
Which of the following best describes constructivism in the context of a child's learning process?
Which of the following best describes constructivism in the context of a child's learning process?
What is the concept of psychosocial moratorium primarily associated with?
What is the concept of psychosocial moratorium primarily associated with?
Which factor does NOT influence identity formation according to the discussed content?
Which factor does NOT influence identity formation according to the discussed content?
Why is the influence of the unconscious mind considered important in identity formation?
Why is the influence of the unconscious mind considered important in identity formation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of families mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of families mentioned in the content?
What is an essential aspect of family dynamics as children develop?
What is an essential aspect of family dynamics as children develop?
How do parents function as indirect socializers?
How do parents function as indirect socializers?
Which parenting style is characterized by high demand and low responsiveness?
Which parenting style is characterized by high demand and low responsiveness?
In the context of identity development, how does drug use impact adolescents?
In the context of identity development, how does drug use impact adolescents?
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Study Notes
Working Memory
- Capacity remains relatively stable throughout much of development.
- Serves as a workspace integrating environmental information and existing knowledge for active processing.
Cognitive Development: Acquisition of Strategies
- Rehearsal: repeating information for memory improvement.
- Selective attention: focusing on goal-relevant information.
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3.5 years)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (4-6 years)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-puberty)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence-early adulthood): Resolution leads to identity achievement; failure can result in identity confusion, foreclosure, or negative identity. Identity diffusion involves abandoning self-discovery. Identity foreclosure is premature commitment to an identity without consideration of alternatives. Negative identity opposes societal values.
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
- Philosophical roots in nativism (innate knowledge) and empiricism (knowledge from experience).
- Plato: innate knowledge.
- Aristotle: knowledge learned through experience.
- John Locke: tabula rasa (blank slate), emphasizing nurture and strict early parenting followed by progressive freedom.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau: innate goodness, learning through spontaneous interaction.
Child Development Study History
- 19th and early 20th centuries: social reform movements (child labor laws) and Darwin's influence (evolutionary perspective).
Key Figures in Child Development
- Sigmund Freud: unconscious desires influence development; early years and emotional bonds are crucial.
- G. Stanley Hall: first North American Ph.D. in psychology; founded the first psychological journal and the American Psychological Association; wrote Adolescence.
- John Watson: founded behaviorism, emphasizing nurture and environmental conditioning (rewards and punishments), heavily influenced by Pavlov.
Behaviorism
- Rewarded behaviors increase; unrewarded or punished behaviors decrease.
Cognitive Development Beyond Behaviorism
- Development involves changes in both knowledge and underlying cognitive processes.
- Experience alone doesn't fully explain development; cognitive factors are involved.
- Jean Piaget: founded cognitive development; proposed a broad theory of cognitive change beyond behaviorist principles; highlighted brain maturation's influence on information processing.
Six Themes in Child Development
- Nature and nurture
- The active child
- Continuity/discontinuity
- Mechanisms of change
- Sociocultural context
- Individual differences
Nature and Nurture Interaction
- Both genes (nature) and environment (nurture) contribute to development.
- Example: language development; innate predisposition to language learning, but specific language learned depends on environment. Watson's Little Albert experiment suggests innate predispositions towards fear.
The Active Child
- Children actively shape their development: preferences for attention, learning motivation (experimentation, language practice, pretend play), and active environment selection.
Continuity and Discontinuity in Development
- Continuity: gradual, cumulative change (e.g., language).
- Discontinuity: stage-like changes (e.g., motor development).
Mechanisms of Developmental Change
- How and why change occurs: effortful attention, modeling, biological factors.
Sociocultural Context
- Physical, social, economic, cultural, and historical contexts influence development.
Individual Differences
- Genetic differences, birth order, gender, personality, and differing environmental choices contribute to individual variations, even within the same family.
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Constructivism: children actively construct knowledge through experience and progress through distinct stages.
- Assimilation: interpreting new information within existing understanding.
- Accommodation: revising existing knowledge based on new experiences.
- Equilibration: balancing assimilation and accommodation for stable understanding.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor (birth-2 years): basic motor and sensory systems; assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.
- Preoperational (2-7 years): characterized by symbolic thought and egocentrism.
Psychosocial Moratorium (Erikson)
- A period where adolescents explore identity without adult responsibilities; more common in privileged cultures.
Influences on Identity Formation
- Parenting styles, individual behavior (e.g., substance use), socioeconomic status (SES), historical context, and access to support services.
Family Functions
- Survival of offspring, economic provision, and cultural training.
Family Dynamics
- Interacting influences among family members, changing with children's age.
Socialization
- Parents as direct instructors, indirect socializers, and social managers.
Parenting Styles and Practices (mentioned but not detailed).
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