Protozoan Pathogens and Giardia Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the habitat of Giardia lamblia?

  • It is primarily found in the blood and tissues.
  • It primarily resides in the alimentary tract and urogenital tract. (correct)
  • It is exclusively found in the urogenital tract.
  • It is only found in tropical and subtropical regions.

    • What is the primary means of locomotion for flagellates?

  • Undulating membrane
  • Flagella (correct)
  • Cilia
  • Pseudopodia

    • What is the most common protozoan pathogen, based on the provided text?

  • Giardia lamblia (correct)
  • Plasmodium spp.
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Cryptosporidium

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of flagella?

    <p>They are primarily responsible for cell division. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, where are flagellates grouped based on their habitat?

    <p>Their location in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific name for the organism that causes traveller's diarrhoea, according to the text?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can be caused by Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Vaginitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe flagellates found in the blood and tissues?

    <p>Hemoflagellates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what part of the human small intestine is Giardia lamblia primarily found?

    <p>Duodenum and upper Jejunum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Giardia lamblia?

    <p>It primarily infects only humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infective stage of Giardia lamblia?

    <p>Cyst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the adhesive sucking disk in Giardia lamblia?

    <p>To attach the parasite to the intestinal mucosa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals are more susceptible to Giardia infection?

    <p>Individuals with a deficiency in IgA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical shape of a Giardia lamblia trophozoite?

    <p>Pear-shaped (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nuclei are typically present in a mature Giardia cyst?

    <p>2-4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the movement of Giardia lamblia trophozoites?

    <p>They move in a slow, oscillating motion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical incubation period for acute Giardiasis?

    <p>1-3 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases susceptibility to Giardiasis?

    <p>High levels of stomach acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Giardia Trophozoites multiply?

    <p>Binary fission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food or water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the defining characteristics of encystation in G. lamblia?

    <p>High pH, low cholesterol, and presence of bile salts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical presentation of Giardia lamblia infection?

    <p>Diarrhea, bloating, flatulence, and abdominal pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are characteristics of the Giardia Trophozoite?

    <p>Two nuclei (B), Flagella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the digestive system does Giardia lamblia encyst?

    <p>Large intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a drug of choice for treating Giardiasis?

    <p>Tinidazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effective method for preventing Giardiasis?

    <p>Community Chlorination of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Entero-Test?

    <p>To collect a sample of duodenal fluid for microscopic analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the Entero-Test?

    <p>4-6 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for performing the Entero-Test?

    <p>To confirm a diagnosis of Giardiasis when no parasites have been found in the stool (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is recommended for the treatment of Giardiasis in pregnant females?

    <p>Parmomycin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is Metronidazole typically administered for treating Giardiasis?

    <p>5-7 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using Furazolidone and Nitazoxamide in children?

    <p>They have fewer adverse effects in children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of chronic giardiasis in children?

    <p>Bloody diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infective dose for Giardia lamblia?

    <p>10-25 cysts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a critical virulence factor for Giardia lamblia?

    <p>Variant-Specific Surface Proteins (VSSP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Giardia lamblia affect the intestinal epithelium?

    <p>It adheres to the mucosa and disrupts the epithelial cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method of diagnosing Giardiasis using immunologic testing?

    <p>Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Giardia lamblia cause fat malabsorption?

    <p>By directly destroying the villi responsible for fat absorption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Giardiasis that distinguishes it from Amebiasis and bacterial dysentery?

    <p>Absence of fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is LEAST susceptible to Giardia infection?

    <p>Adults with healthy immune systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Giardia Lamblia Overview

    • Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis, Giardia duodenalis) is a protozoan parasite.
    • It's one of the earliest protozoan parasites identified and is widespread globally.
    • It is highly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation, especially tropical and subtropical regions.
    • Travelers to these areas are at risk of giardiasis, often from contaminated water.

    Giardia Lamblia Habitats

    • Giardia lamblia lives in the duodenum and upper jejunum of the human small intestine.
    • This is the only protozoan parasite found in the lumen of the human small intestine.

    Giardia Lamblia Morphology

    • Trophozoites (vegetative form): Pear or pyriform-shaped, with a sucking disk for attachment to the intestinal mucosa. Two large nuclei and eight flagella.
    • Cysts (infectious form): Oval or ellipsoid, surrounded by a hyaline cyst wall. Four nuclei and remnants of axonemes.

    Giardia Lamblia Transmission

    • Infection occurs by ingesting mature cysts in contaminated food or water.
    • Rare direct person-to-person transmission may occur in children or specific at-risk populations.
    • Risk factors include impaired immune systems, blood type A, and certain medical conditions.

    Giardia Lamblia Symptoms

    • Acute giardiasis: Incubation period is 1-3 weeks (average 12-20 days). Symptoms include diarrhea (often foul-smelling with fat and mucus), abdominal pain, bloating, belching, flatulence, and vomiting.
    • Chronic giardiasis: May occur with or without a prior acute episode. Symptoms can include chronic diarrhea, malabsorption of fat, vitamins, and sugars; weight loss; and a sprue-like syndrome.

    Giardia Lamblia Diagnosis

    • Microscopic examination of stool: Identifying oval cysts or motile trophozoites in stool samples. Wet mounts with saline or iodine are used for specimen preparation. Stool specimens may have a noticeable odour, pale colour, and float in water.
    • Antigen detection assays (ELISA and IFA): Detecting antigens from Giardia in stool samples to identify presence of parasites.
    • Duodenal contents examination (aspiration and biopsies): Examining the upper small intestine for the presence of the parasite.
    • Entero-test (string test): Using a capsule-and-thread device to obtain duodenal fluid for examination.
    • Molecular methods (PCR): Detecting Giardia DNA in stool samples for confirmation.

    Giardia Lamblia Treatment

    • Metronidazole (250 mg 3 times daily for 5-7 days)
    • Tinidazole (2 g orally, once)
    • Others: Furazolidone, and Nitazoxamide (for children), Parmomycin (for pregnant females)

    Giardia Lamblia Prevention

    • Proper sanitation and wastewater disposal.
    • Handwashing before eating.
    • Proper diaper disposal.
    • Considering boiling or filtering drinking water in at-risk areas.
    • Treating symptomatic cases to prevent spread.

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    Medical Parasitology - Lecture 3: Giardia lamblia PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the characteristics and habitat of Giardia lamblia and other flagellates. This quiz covers key concepts about locomotion, common pathogenic organisms, and the diseases they cause. Brush up on your understanding of protozoan pathogens with this insightful quiz.

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