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Questions and Answers
Giardia duodenalis is commonly associated with ______ diarrhea.
Giardia duodenalis is commonly associated with ______ diarrhea.
traveller's
The genus of the intestinal flagellate known for causing Beaver Fever is ______.
The genus of the intestinal flagellate known for causing Beaver Fever is ______.
Giardia
Giardia duodenalis can lead to a condition known as ______ syndrome.
Giardia duodenalis can lead to a condition known as ______ syndrome.
malabsorption
Flagellates belong to the subphylum ______ in the taxonomy of protozoa.
Flagellates belong to the subphylum ______ in the taxonomy of protozoa.
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Giardia duodenalis has two identical nuclei lying side by ______.
Giardia duodenalis has two identical nuclei lying side by ______.
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Dysuria is also possible due to ______.
Dysuria is also possible due to ______.
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Infected individuals are treated with ______.
Infected individuals are treated with ______.
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Saline preparation is the quickest way to diagnose ______.
Saline preparation is the quickest way to diagnose ______.
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A common method for managing inflammation in the vagina is a ______ douch.
A common method for managing inflammation in the vagina is a ______ douch.
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The Gold Standard for culture diagnosis of trichomoniasis takes about ______ days.
The Gold Standard for culture diagnosis of trichomoniasis takes about ______ days.
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For benign infections, DUODENAL ______ may be necessary to demonstrate trophozoites.
For benign infections, DUODENAL ______ may be necessary to demonstrate trophozoites.
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The Entero-Test, also known as the ______ Test, is used to detect parasites in the upper part of the small intestine.
The Entero-Test, also known as the ______ Test, is used to detect parasites in the upper part of the small intestine.
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A young cyst of Giardia lamblia has ______ nuclei.
A young cyst of Giardia lamblia has ______ nuclei.
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A mature cyst of Giardia lamblia is characterized by having ______ nuclei.
A mature cyst of Giardia lamblia is characterized by having ______ nuclei.
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PCR stands for ______ Chain Reaction, which is a technique used to amplify DNA sequences.
PCR stands for ______ Chain Reaction, which is a technique used to amplify DNA sequences.
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Flagyl, also known as ______, is an antiamoebic and anti-infective medication.
Flagyl, also known as ______, is an antiamoebic and anti-infective medication.
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Proper disposal of human ______ is essential for prevention and control of infections.
Proper disposal of human ______ is essential for prevention and control of infections.
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Pregnant women are advised not to take metronidazole during the ______ trimester of pregnancy.
Pregnant women are advised not to take metronidazole during the ______ trimester of pregnancy.
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Movement is made possible by the presence of ______
Movement is made possible by the presence of ______
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Giardia lamblia is also known as ______
Giardia lamblia is also known as ______
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Giardia lamblia lacks ______ and golgi apparatus
Giardia lamblia lacks ______ and golgi apparatus
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Giardia lamblia commonly causes ______ and Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia commonly causes ______ and Giardiasis
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Giardia lamblia has a distinctive motility known as ______ motility
Giardia lamblia has a distinctive motility known as ______ motility
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The organism is commonly found in ______ stools
The organism is commonly found in ______ stools
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Giardia lamblia is transmitted via ______-borne outbreaks
Giardia lamblia is transmitted via ______-borne outbreaks
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Giardia lamblia exists in both trophozoite and ______ forms
Giardia lamblia exists in both trophozoite and ______ forms
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The only known parasitic intestinal ______
The only known parasitic intestinal ______
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The incubation period for the parasite is ______ days.
The incubation period for the parasite is ______ days.
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The parasite damages the microvilli by coating the intestinal ______.
The parasite damages the microvilli by coating the intestinal ______.
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Symptoms include diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal cramps, and ______.
Symptoms include diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal cramps, and ______.
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Steatorrhea is an increase in ______ excretion in the stools.
Steatorrhea is an increase in ______ excretion in the stools.
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The disease known as ‘Gay Bowel Syndrome’ is associated with sexually transmitted ______ diseases.
The disease known as ‘Gay Bowel Syndrome’ is associated with sexually transmitted ______ diseases.
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‘Beaver Fever’ is named after an outbreak involving hikers drinking untreated ______ water.
‘Beaver Fever’ is named after an outbreak involving hikers drinking untreated ______ water.
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Diagnosis can be made by recognizing trophozoites or cysts in stained fecal ______.
Diagnosis can be made by recognizing trophozoites or cysts in stained fecal ______.
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Trophozoite will attach to the villous surface of ______, causing abdominal pain, cramps and dysentery.
Trophozoite will attach to the villous surface of ______, causing abdominal pain, cramps and dysentery.
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The trophozoite can actually move to the colon and bind to the mucosal surface there and produce ______ (encystation).
The trophozoite can actually move to the colon and bind to the mucosal surface there and produce ______ (encystation).
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These resistant cysts are the infective form and can survive for months in ______ climates.
These resistant cysts are the infective form and can survive for months in ______ climates.
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Symptoms of infection include abdominal pain, nausea, and ______.
Symptoms of infection include abdominal pain, nausea, and ______.
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Chronic infection can be associated with ______ malabsorption and lactose intolerance.
Chronic infection can be associated with ______ malabsorption and lactose intolerance.
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Microscopic examination of ______ in the stool is key for diagnosis.
Microscopic examination of ______ in the stool is key for diagnosis.
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The treatment for this infection includes ______.
The treatment for this infection includes ______.
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Trichomonas vaginalis is noted for its size ranging from ______ um.
Trichomonas vaginalis is noted for its size ranging from ______ um.
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Study Notes
Intestinal and Genital Flagellates
- Species are lumen parasites, not tissue parasites
- Giardia lamblia found in the duodenum
- Trichomonas vaginalis in the vagina
Giardia Duodenalis
- Taxonomy: Kingdom: Animalia, Subkingdom: Protozoa, Phylum: Sarcomastigophora, Subphylum: Zoomastigophora, Class: Zoomastigophora, Order: Diplomonadida, Family: Hexamitidae, Genus: Giardia, Species: Lamblia
- History: First observed in 1681 by Leeuwenhoek; later renamed Giardia lamblia in 1915
- Classification: Flagellate
- Morphology: Two identical nuclei, flagella for movement, lacks mitochondria and Golgi apparatus
- Location: Duodenum, jejunum, upper ileum
- Distribution: Cosmopolitan
- Pathogenicity: Traveller's diarrhea, Beaver Fever, steatorrhea, malabsorption syndrome, gay bowel syndrome. Damages microvilli, impacting nutrient absorption
- Common Sources: Waterborne outbreaks, poor sanitation.
Trichomonads
- Human Trichomonas: Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichomonas hominis, Trichomonas tenax. T. vaginalis being the largest
- Family: Trichomonadidae
- Morphology: Easily identified by anterior flagella tuft, axostyle, undulating membrane. Pear-shaped, single-nucleated.
- Location: Intestinal tract (T. tenax in the mouth), Genital tract (T.vaginalis).
- Pathogenesis: associated with other sexual diseases; cause vaginal inflammation and discharge.
Balantidium coli
- Taxonomy: Kingdom:Protista, Phylum: Ciliophora
- Clinical Significance: Only known ciliate pathogenic to humans
- Morphology: Large, ciliated protozoan, oval-shaped trophozoites with a "sausage-shaped" macronucleus, and a cytostome (mouth), cytopyge (anus). Cysts are spherical.
- Disease: Balantidiasis (balantidial dysentery)
- Hosts: Pigs, wild boars, rats; Humans are accidental hosts; most significant host is pigs (not typically showing symptoms)
- Transmission: Fecal-oral route from contaminated water or food
- Pathology:Causes ulceration of large intestine (colon) resulting in dysentery.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure, classification, and pathogenicity of intestinal and genital flagellates, specifically Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Understand their habitats, morphology, and common disease associations.
