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Questions and Answers
What was one of the key beliefs in the religious movement described?
What was one of the key beliefs in the religious movement described?
What economic issue did Europe experience during the Price Revolution?
What economic issue did Europe experience during the Price Revolution?
What strategy did privateers use to gain wealth from the New World?
What strategy did privateers use to gain wealth from the New World?
What significant event led to the end of the Spanish Empire?
What significant event led to the end of the Spanish Empire?
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How did the English manage to defeat the Spanish Armada despite being outnumbered?
How did the English manage to defeat the Spanish Armada despite being outnumbered?
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The Spanish Navy faced destruction during which conflict?
The Spanish Navy faced destruction during which conflict?
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What was one consequence of inflation in Europe during the Price Revolution?
What was one consequence of inflation in Europe during the Price Revolution?
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What role did a 'Letter of Marque' play for privateers?
What role did a 'Letter of Marque' play for privateers?
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What was the primary argument made by Martin Luther regarding tradition and scripture?
What was the primary argument made by Martin Luther regarding tradition and scripture?
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Which event is associated with the excommunication of Martin Luther?
Which event is associated with the excommunication of Martin Luther?
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What was the main cultural impact of Catholicism in Spain during the time of the Spanish Inquisition?
What was the main cultural impact of Catholicism in Spain during the time of the Spanish Inquisition?
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Which religious group attempted to spread faith during the Counter-Reformation?
Which religious group attempted to spread faith during the Counter-Reformation?
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In which countries was Catholicism established as a state religion?
In which countries was Catholicism established as a state religion?
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What was one of the primary reasons for religious conflicts in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s?
What was one of the primary reasons for religious conflicts in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s?
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What was a significant consequence of Latin being used for religious texts?
What was a significant consequence of Latin being used for religious texts?
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What belief distinguishes Catholicism from Protestantism regarding confession?
What belief distinguishes Catholicism from Protestantism regarding confession?
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Why did the Catholic Church feel the need to maintain tradition?
Why did the Catholic Church feel the need to maintain tradition?
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Which aspect of Catholicism is rejected by Protestantism?
Which aspect of Catholicism is rejected by Protestantism?
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What were the results of the privateers attacking the Spanish galleons?
What were the results of the privateers attacking the Spanish galleons?
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Which event marked the significant loss of power for Spain?
Which event marked the significant loss of power for Spain?
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The Era of Religious Wars primarily involved conflict between which two groups?
The Era of Religious Wars primarily involved conflict between which two groups?
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What was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?
What was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?
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What characterized the beliefs regarding witchcraft in the 15th and 16th centuries?
What characterized the beliefs regarding witchcraft in the 15th and 16th centuries?
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What was the primary reason for the scapegoating of women during the witch trials?
What was the primary reason for the scapegoating of women during the witch trials?
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The Juggernauts during the religious wars were primarily associated with which demographic?
The Juggernauts during the religious wars were primarily associated with which demographic?
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What did nationalism during this period emphasize?
What did nationalism during this period emphasize?
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What best describes the role of joint stock companies during the period of mercantilism?
What best describes the role of joint stock companies during the period of mercantilism?
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Which of the following was a significant characteristic of the Dutch East India Company?
Which of the following was a significant characteristic of the Dutch East India Company?
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What was the primary crop associated with the British colonies in the Caribbean?
What was the primary crop associated with the British colonies in the Caribbean?
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Which empire was known for having the largest merchant fleet in the world during the 1600s?
Which empire was known for having the largest merchant fleet in the world during the 1600s?
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The British East India Company primarily operated in which region for trade?
The British East India Company primarily operated in which region for trade?
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What was a major reason for the success of the French Empire in North America?
What was a major reason for the success of the French Empire in North America?
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What does ownership in a joint stock company represent?
What does ownership in a joint stock company represent?
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Which British colony was established in 1607 and marked the beginning of successful colonization efforts?
Which British colony was established in 1607 and marked the beginning of successful colonization efforts?
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What was a significant change in the Japanese economy during the Tokugawa Shogunate?
What was a significant change in the Japanese economy during the Tokugawa Shogunate?
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Which method did the Tokugawa Shogunate use to maintain control over the daimyo?
Which method did the Tokugawa Shogunate use to maintain control over the daimyo?
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What led to the extreme isolationism of Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate?
What led to the extreme isolationism of Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate?
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What role did silver play in the trade between Spain and the Philippines during the Ming dynasty?
What role did silver play in the trade between Spain and the Philippines during the Ming dynasty?
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How did urbanization during the Tokugawa period influence Japanese culture?
How did urbanization during the Tokugawa period influence Japanese culture?
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What was a key characteristic of the dual state under the Tokugawa Shogunate?
What was a key characteristic of the dual state under the Tokugawa Shogunate?
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What was one result of the peasant rebellion that turned into a Christian rebellion against the Tokugawa Shogunate?
What was one result of the peasant rebellion that turned into a Christian rebellion against the Tokugawa Shogunate?
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What aspect of trade remained during Japan's strict isolation policy?
What aspect of trade remained during Japan's strict isolation policy?
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What was a key aspect of Louis XIV's approach to governance as an absolute monarch?
What was a key aspect of Louis XIV's approach to governance as an absolute monarch?
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Which of the following actions did Peter the Great take to westernize Russia?
Which of the following actions did Peter the Great take to westernize Russia?
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What was the 'Circle of Equity' in the context of Ottoman governance?
What was the 'Circle of Equity' in the context of Ottoman governance?
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What was one effect of the persecution of Huguenots in France?
What was one effect of the persecution of Huguenots in France?
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Which scientific principle is most associated with Sir Isaac Newton's work?
Which scientific principle is most associated with Sir Isaac Newton's work?
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What was Ali Bey's main goal during his rule in Egypt?
What was Ali Bey's main goal during his rule in Egypt?
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Which statement accurately reflects the governmental changes made by Peter the Great?
Which statement accurately reflects the governmental changes made by Peter the Great?
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What major belief did Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab advocate for?
What major belief did Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab advocate for?
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How did local noblemen's actions impact the 'Circle of Equity' in the Ottoman Empire?
How did local noblemen's actions impact the 'Circle of Equity' in the Ottoman Empire?
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What was a significant consequence of the scientific revolution in the 1600s?
What was a significant consequence of the scientific revolution in the 1600s?
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Study Notes
Protestant Reformation
- Martin Luther, a theologian and Catholic scholar, initiated the Protestant Reformation at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.
- He challenged the practice of indulgences, which connected religious salvation to economic status. Noblemen were more likely to gain entry to heaven.
- Luther's 95 Theses (1517) sparked the Reformation; aimed to reform the Catholic Church, but his original goal was not widely known as he wrote in Latin, a language inaccessible to the common person.
- Luther's actions were crucial to the transition of a fairly centralized German Empire into a more decentralized one.
- He questioned the authority of tradition vs sacred scripture, causing conflict that influenced European societies.
- Luther sought to promote a shift in the way people understood the bible, not requiring understanding of Latin.
- The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, called Luther in response to his controversial beliefs.
- The Holy Roman Empire did not follow Luther's teachings, but many German princes supported the reformation. This led to the establishment of Lutheran Churches, a new major religious movement in Europe.
The Catholic World Responds
- The Catholic Church responded to the Reformation with the Counter-Reformation.
- Catholic missionaries, including Franciscans and Jesuits, spread Christianity aggressively, and not always peacefully.
- The Spanish Inquisition aimed to stamp out Protestantism in Spain.
- The Counter-Reformation aimed to solidify the Catholic faith and beliefs, impacting global spread of religious beliefs.
- The response included efforts to spread the Catholic faith in China and Japan, though conversion was not massive in either location.
- The Catholic Church maintained its emphasis on religious dogma and tradition, highlighting cultural differences between Catholics and Protestants.
English Reformation
- King Henry VIII, the British monarch, initiated the English Reformation.
- His desire for a male heir led him to seek an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess.
- Henry broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England (Anglican Church).
- This move set the stage for England's transition from a Catholic nation to a Protestant one.
- Henry's motivations centered around succession, power, and political reasons more than religious ones.
- Anne Boleyn became a central figure in this political conflict.
Mughal Empire
- The Mughal Empire, from 1526-1857 AD, experienced considerable success in expansion across South Asia.
- The Mughals' expansion frequently involved conflicts with other powers.
- Significant use of gunpowder weapons-muskets, and artillery - was a contributor to their military success.
- The empire was initially religiously tolerant, allowing for significant diversity of religions and traditions within its borders.
- The Mughals had a particularly effective rule when they had strong leadership in place.
Ottoman Expansion
- The Ottoman Empire emerged as a significant power during the 16th century.
- Suleiman I, a key figure in the Empire's history, was influential in the expansion of the empire, taking Vienna twice and conquering Hungary.
- The Ottomans experienced a period of notable cultural flourishing within their empire.
- Suleiman the Magnificent led campaigns across Hungary and the Balkans.
The Spanish Armada
- The Spanish Armada, a fleet of warships, was assembled by Spain in 1588 in an attempt to invade England.
- England's smaller, more maneuverable ships, along with bad weather, proved successful in defeating the Spanish Armada.
- This victory marked a turning point in naval power, shifting dominance to England.
- The Spanish Armada marked the beginning of Spain's decline as a global power.
Economic Changes
- Mercantilism became a key concept in European economic policy. Countries sought to maximize their trade surpluses, influencing economic relationships and colonization.
- Joint-stock companies became effective tools for mobilizing resources and taking risks on voyages (and exploration), changing European economic systems.
- The rise of the privateers, pirates with legal sanction from rulers, reflected a new way to enrich a nation economically by raiding treasure fleets.
- The Spanish Empire's wealth helped finance Europe's economic and military endeavors, but also came with considerable conflict and instability.
European Religious Conflict
- Conflicts between Catholic and Protestant powers were common in Europe until about the 1700s-1800s and beyond.
- Religious upheaval was directly tied to political instability and warfare.
- The rise of nationalism and Protestantism often intersected with political ambitions and led to violence and persecution.
- The English and Spanish monarchies engaged directly in major conflicts, reflecting European instability and religious conflict.
Religious Sects/Religious Diversity
- Religious sects/denominations challenged existing political and religious power structures.
- Different religious sects within an empire posed challenges to the political stability of that empire.
The Qing Dynasty
- The Manchus established the Qing Dynasty, succeeding the Ming in China.
- The dynasty's rule was marked by a centralized government and considerable political and economic success.
- The Qing Dynasty emphasized Confucianism, maintaining imperial traditions to reinforce political power.
- Chinese population increased under Qing rule.
Rise of Absolutism
- Absolutism, a political system where monarchs hold absolute power, impacted many European nations in the 17th and 18th centuries.
- Monarchs justified absolute power through arguments about divine right, emphasizing their authority as appointed by God, influencing political strategy and stability.
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Description
Explore the pivotal events and key figures of the Protestant Reformation, particularly focusing on Martin Luther's 95 Theses and his challenge to the Catholic Church's practices. Learn how Luther's ideas transformed religious beliefs and the structure of European societies. Dive into the significant historical implications of this major religious movement.
