Protestant Reformation Overview

Sikhism emphasizes oneness of God, brotherhood of humanity, charity, equality regardless of caste, and a spiritual leader (Guru).

Europe experienced significant inflation due to increased population, demand, and a surge in Spanish silver from the Americas without a proportional increase in GDP (Gross Domestic Product).

Private individuals (authorized by a monarch) who engaged in acts of piracy, often against the galleons of major powers like Spain, for profit and with support from their governments.

The massive Spanish fleet defeated by the English fleet in 1588, marking a turning point, ending Spanish dominance in naval power.

A legal document authorizing private individuals to attack and seize the ships and goods of enemy countries or individuals.

Large sailing ships used by Spain to transport goods and treasure from the Americas.

Silver mined/extracted in the Americas and transported by Spanish galleons, contributing to inflation in Europe.

The British navy became the strongest after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, replacing Spain.

The Catholic Church asserted that it was the sole inheritor of tradition tracing back directly to Jesus.

Martin Luther argued that sacred scripture, not tradition, was the sole basis of religious authority.

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, including missionary efforts and the Spanish Inquisition.

A Spanish tribunal established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy, targeting Jews and Muslims.

The idea that a person's national identity is tied to their religious beliefs, leading to religious conflict.

Catholicism believes that salvation is achieved through the Church, including sacraments and good works.

Protestantism emphasizes faith alone as the path to salvation, rejecting the need for sacraments or good works.

Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries who spread Catholicism through conversion, sometimes through aggressive means.

In some European countries, Catholicism was declared the state religion.

Catholics and Protestants have different views on practices such as women priests, purgatory, and the use of local languages in church services.

The British navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, marking a significant turning point in naval power, weakening Spain's global dominance.

Conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, fueled by religious differences and political ambition.

A major European war (1618-1648) fought primarily in Germany between Catholics and Protestants, resulting in massive destruction and casualties.

A period of intense fear and persecution of people accused of witchcraft in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Deterioration of Spain's power in the 16th and 17th centuries, marked by naval defeats and loss of territory.

Soldiers hired for pay by a foreign nation or individual, often employed in conflicts.

A strong sense of national identity and pride, often emphasizing a nation's interests.

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, e.g. businesses or resources.

An economic system where governments regulated trade to increase national wealth, often by acquiring gold and silver.

A business where investors pool money to finance ventures, sharing profits and risks.

A powerful joint-stock company that controlled trade in Southeast Asia and parts of Indonesia, including colonization.

A British joint-stock company that controlled trade with India, establishing textile mills and influencing the Mughal Empire.

The establishment of settlements and control over a territory by a different country; Often involved economic exploitation or forceful taking of land.

The first successful English colony in North America, founded in 1607.

Very profitable plantations producing high-value crops like sugarcane, which was used to create profitable products like molasses and rum.

The Philippines served as a Spanish trading outpost, particularly Manila, facilitating the trade of American silver (bullion) for Chinese silk. The silver was then transported to Spain via Mexican ports.

The Tokugawa Shogunate aimed to establish peace and centralize power in Japan through a strong, secretive police force, suppressing feudal conflicts, and isolating the country from outside influences.

The Tokugawa Shogunate eventually expelled European missionaries and traders, due to concerns about their potential to disrupt the nation's political unity and loyalty to the Shogunate.

Japan transitioned from a feudal economy based on land ownership to a more mercantile and industrial economy, marked by a growth of trade and wealth, leading to wealth-based social structures.

Japanese culture evolved alongside urbanization, with major population centers growing into hubs of trade and industry. This led to changes in social structures and the emergence of new cultural forms like Kabuki theater.

The Ming dynasty transitioned from paper currency to silver coins, thus creating an increased demand for silver for trade purposes.

Daimyo (powerful feudal lords) began borrowing money from wealthy merchants to maintain their status, leading to increased debt and a shift in power from lineage to wealth.

During the Tokugawa period, a growing sense of national identity emerged, uniting diverse Japanese peoples under a common cultural and racial framework.

The belief that a monarch's authority to rule comes directly from God, not from the people.

Louis XIV used elaborate ceremonies and spectacles to project his power and reinforce his image as a divine and absolute monarch.

Louis XIV enforced religious uniformity by persecuting Protestants and promoting Catholicism, aiming to create a unified nation under one faith.

A period of political and social turmoil in Russia after the death of the last Rurikid Tsar, marked by multiple rulers and instability.

Peter the Great wanted to westernize Russia to catch up with Europe's advancements. He introduced innovations like a standing army, reforms in government, and even changed the appearance of the nobility.

A period of intellectual and scientific advancements in Europe, emphasizing reason over faith and observation over tradition.

The belief that all knowledge originates from sensory experiences and observations.

A complex system of governance where the state's prosperity and its ability to maintain a strong army were intertwined with the well-being of its people and the enforcement of just laws.

The Ottoman Circle of Equity was disrupted by corruption and the rise of local elites, who exploited the system for their own benefit, undermining state authority and contributing to the empire's decline.

A conservative Islamic religious movement that arose in the Arabian Peninsula, advocating for a strict interpretation of the Quran and challenging traditional Sufi practices.