• Chapter 3 delves into the chemistry of life

Objectives of the Chapter

• Compare molecule bonds
• Diagram hydrogen bonds between water molecules and explain its properties
• Describe the role of four biomolecule classes and their functions in biological systems
• Graphically relate main biomolecule classes to their subunits
• Explain hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules and acids/bases
• Predict free hydrogen ion solution concentration by using its pH number
• Describe how carbon’s chemical qualities make it essential for life

Breaking Good - 1

• Pharmaceutical chemists design safer opioid painkillers to combat overdose deaths

Breaking Good - 2

• Edwin Chindongo, a college graduate and semi-pro football player, developed nerve damage from diabetes
• Edwin was prescribed a pain reliever containing oxycodone
• He became addicted after increasing his dosage.

A Growing Epidemic - 1

• Opioid addiction is an epidemic in America
• Opioid overdoses cause over 130 deaths daily
• Opioid overdose death rates dramatically increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A Growing Epidemic - 2

• Life Origins Definitions:
  • anything with mass that occupies spaces,
  • a pure substance has distinct physical and chemical properties cannot be broken down into other substances
  • the smallest unit of an element that retains distinct properties

A Growing Epidemic - 3

• Atoms consist of:
  • Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus
    • Protons have a positive charge
    • Neutrons have no charge
  • Electrons have a negative charge and surround the nucleus

A Growing Epidemic - 4

• Atomic number is specific to each element and reflects the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
• Isotopes have same proton count but different neutron count
• Mass number: the total count of the protons and neutrons in an isotope
• Measuring the mass of an isotope reveals its mass

Atomic Structure - Figure 3.2 - Q1

• Hydrogen atom features 1 proton, 0 neutrons, and 1 electron
• Hydrogen's atomic number is 1, and its atomic mass number is 1

Atomic Structure - Figure 3.2 - Q2, Q3

• The shown carbon isotope has an atomic number of 6 and an mass number of 12
• Nitrogen-11 possesses an atomic number of 7 and an atomic mass number of 11

Atoms into Compounds

• Atoms can gain, lose, or share electrons
• Molecules are formed when atoms combine to create chemical bonds
• Chemical compounds contain atoms from at least two different elements in a fixed ratio
• Organic molecules contain at least one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom
• Multiple organic molecules bound together are called macromolecules

Forming Bonds - Introduction

• Chemical bonds attach atoms together
• Electronegativity refers to the attraction each atom has for shared electrons
• Shared electrons are not always equal, thus leading to polarity

Forming Bonds

• Chemical bonds attach atoms together
• Types of bonds:
  • Covalent Bonds
  • Ionic bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds

Forming Bonds - 1

• Three major types of chemical bonds:
  • Covalent bonds arise when atoms share electrons in their valence shells
  • Electron pairs are shared equally, resulting in an even charge distribution

Forming Bonds - 2

• Three major forms of chemical bonds:
  • Ionic bonds occur when the charges of positive and negative ions hold atoms together
  • Ions are atoms that have lost or gained valence electrons

Forming Bonds - 3

• Three major types of chemical bonds:
  • H bonds are based on weak electrical force of attraction formed between two molecules that have a polar covalent bond
  • A partial positive H of one molecule attracts the partial negative atom of another molecule

Growing Epidemic - Returning to Edwin's Story, part 6

• Tolerance: a person no longer responds to a drug, requiring higher doses to achieve the same response
• Withdrawal: Physical or psychological symptoms
• Addiction: Drug use despite negative consequences

To Hell and Back

• Edwin began buying pills on the street and missed mortgage payments
• His life savings ran dry, and he considered shooting up heroin
• He chose rehab and post-detox program
• He described it as the worst couple months of his life.

Three Major Types of Chemical Bonds - Figure 3.5 - Q1

• Ionic bond results in a positive ion plus a negative ion

Three Major Types of Chemical Bonds - Figure 3.5 - Q2

• An H bond is not a covalent bond but requires covalently bonded atoms to another atom

Three Major Types of Chemical Bonds - Figure 3.5 - Q3

• What is the common feature of the shells? With covalent and ionic, it's valence on both

The Building Blocks of Life - 2

• Carbon is a versatile element
• A single carbon atom can form strong covalent bonds with up to four other atoms.
• Carbon atoms bound to other carbon atoms can form long chains, branched molecules, and even rings. Methane, Carbon dioxide

Versatile Carbon - Figure 3.6 - Q1, Q2

• Every hydrogen shares 1 electron; carbon shares 4
• Carbon dioxide technically is not an organic compound

Versatile Carbon - Figure 3.6 - Q3

• In formaldehyde (CH20), the oxygen shares two electrons with carbon
• Carbon shares two electrons with its oxygen atom and one with each hydrogen atom

The Big Six Elements of Life - Figure 3.7

• Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

The Big Six Elements of Life - Question Capability Practice

• Which has the most and least electrons in its valence shell
• Which elements have: -three electron shells
  • two elements
  • one element?
• How many electrons needed to fill the valence shell?

This Is Your Brain (reactions = "on Drugs")

• Chemical reaction: breaks or creates chemical bonds and forming new compounds

• reactant: undergoes reaction

• product: new items

The Building Blocks of Life - 1

• Biomolecules are large organic molecules
• The four classes: proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, and lipids
• Framework built with covalent carbon

The Building Blocks of Life - 3

• Polymers: are long strands of repeating units of small molecules called monomers
• include:
  • Proteins,
  • Carbohydrates,
  • Nucleic acids.

The Building Blocks of Life: Proteins - 1

• Most versatile/numerous of four bio molecules
• Combinations of the 20 amino acid monomers Amino HN-

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Level 4

The Building Blocks of Life: Proteins - 2

• Vary in structure=function
  • Enzymatic, structural, hormone and receptor proteins
  • Membrane transport proteins
  • Antibodies
  • Storage proteins

Proteins Make Up the Majority of Biomolecules Present in a Cell - Figure 3.8 - Q1, Q2

• Proteins are made from amino acids and there are 20
• Four protein structures described
• Protein
• Amino HN

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Level 2

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Level 4

Proteins Make Up the Majority of Biomolecules Present in a Cell - Figure 3.8 - Q3

• Opioid are listed as receptors on brain cell membranes performing

The Building Blocks of Life: Proteins - 3

• View animation shows structure

The Building Blocks of Life: Carbohydrates - 1

• Sugar monomers
• Size ranges, Monosaccharide (1 monomer), Disaccharides (2monomers), Polysaccharides (thousands of monomers)
• Disaccharide and Polysaccharides Examples Shown

Monomers leading to Polymers

• Clarification of terms

The Building Block of Life: Carbohydrates - 2

• Varying size & shape thus function
• Simple sugars are cells fuel to make ATP
  • Energy storage
  • Structure
  • Glycogen, Chitin, Peotidoglycan

Carbohydrates are the Most Abundant Biomolecule on Earth - Figure 3.9 - Q1

• Carbs contains: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Carbohydrates are the Most Abundant Biomolecule on Earth - Figure 3.9 - Q2, Q3

• Carbohydrates stored energy and plants tissues
• Structure = chitin pepti

The Building Blocks of Life : Nucleic Acids - 1

• Polymers of nucleotides - deoxyribonucleotides (DNA) and ribonucleotides (RNA)
• Store and transmit genetic information
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)

The Building Blocks of Life: Nucleic Acids - 2

• DNA:
  • Provides genes passed down, long copy, and stable Genetic info
• RNA:
  • Readable genetic language
  • enables as proteins

Nucleic Acids Are Biomolecules That Are Essential to All Known Forms of Life - Figure 3.10 - Q1, Q2

• DNA has two strands molecules
• One RNA molecule shown

Nucleic Acids Are Biomolecules That Are Essential to All Known Forms of Life - Figure 3.10 - Q3

• Chromosomes are made of nucleotides

The Building Blocks of Life: Lipids - 1

• Fat, ,oils and steroids
  • Not polymers
  • All combine,HydroCarbon acids, glycerol

The Building Blocks of Life: Lipids - 2

• Vary shape+size
• Energy storage
• Insulatin
• Struct
• Protection
• Support

Lipids Are A Structurally Diverse Group of Biomolecules - Figure 3.11 - Q1

• How many fatty acid chains to make a triglyceride = 3? to make a phospholipid = 2

Lipids Are A Structurally Diverse Group of Biomolecules - Figure 3.11 - Q2, Q3

Which is formed from hydrocarbons ring? What is the chain?

Making It Hard to Get High - 1

• OxyContin users bypass time: • could be by • Crushing the pills • Dissolving the pills

Making It Hard to Get High - 2

• ___ molecules: covalently bonded atoms in a molecules share unequally • H atom or molecule etc Example Water

Making It Hard to Get High - 3

• ___ compounds mix completely with water.
• Polarity is good with solution substance • solvents are fluid
• Water called the Versatile for dissolving

61&62(Hard to Get)

• hydrophilic water loving substance-disolves in water
• hydrophobic- water fearing substance-doesn’t dissolve

making it very difficult

• water can exist in all three states of matter:liquid gas and solid.
• evaporation- transition to gas evaporating -breaks water molecules apart etc

Figure 3.14, Q1,Q2

3. liquid, soild and gas are the picture’s locations.

Figure 3.14 cont

• 3. ice floats to keep molecules apart allowing water able to float and heat comes when breaks h bonds decreases as temperature rises. molecules evaporate

The your Brain

• Dahn makes study career and affects
• Opioids affect
• Send signal the
• Pain. What will happen
• Opioids bind receptors
• Addiction euphoria
• changes include body

Opioids are lodged,interact with fatthy, and ends with hydro Opoids receptors? hydro/expo explain

7.14 figure

Figure-7.14 List reason. Carbon diagram complex molecule A- single valent one line 7.16 approved will decrease Structure. If replaced increase?

Q1?

• Medical admin meant pathway

Q2?

People illicit pathway =hookup What is Q1?

#71structure

interact/hydro explain? Hydrophobic or hydro phylic?

.slightly difference with bonds. Oxycodone Fentanyl and NFEP Differ Structurally at Only One Atom - Figure 3.17 - Q1 Q1: List one reason why carbon ring structures might be diagrammed without the hydrogens and carbons in the structures of complex molecules. 7. 14 figure • Structure

• if replace will effect
• addiction

What will effect the ions

• This Is Your Brain on Drugs -3 • H ion is a A solution to? Increasing?

.scale is more acid.

Scales

12 ions ThepH Hydrogen -low

8.14 Questions pH

pH: coffee/ water lower the concentration 8.15 water (acidic)

• black coffee acid+ low Q1 Talk about edwin Has so been years! Pains + leg Addiction education must do Moral myth for? Fact, it’s power addiction ! Prescription with education. What’s in the slides? what number is what talking with/of What is credit #82 what about Q apply Applied extra

Test your knowledge of biological macromolecules! This quiz covers the basics of polymer formation, protein structure and function, the roles of DNA and RNA, and the composition of chromosomes. Learn about structural vs enzymatic proteins and nucleic acids.