Slides with Blanks - Chapter 3 - Chemistry of Life PDF

1/11/2025 CHAPTER 3 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Copyright © 2024 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1 Objectives  LO3.1: Compare and contrast the typ...

1/11/2025 CHAPTER 3 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Copyright © 2024 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1 Objectives  LO3.1: Compare and contrast the types of bonds that form molecules.  LO3.2: Diagram the hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules, and explain how those bonds produce the unique properties of water.  LO3.3: Describe the structure and function of the four major classes of biomolecules and their roles in biological systems.  LO3.4: Create a graphic depicting how each of the four main classes of biomolecules and their subunits are related.  LO3.5: Explain the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules and between acids and bases.  LO3.6: Predict whether a solution has a high or low concentration of free hydrogen ions by using its pH number.  LO3.7: Describe the chemical qualities of carbon that make it the basis of life on Earth. 2 2 Breaking Good – 1 To slow the skyrocketing number of overdose deaths, chemists race to design safer opioid painkillers. 3 3 1  1/11/2025 Breaking Good – 2  Born in Zimbabwe but raised in the United States, Edwin Chindongo was on his way to achieving the American dream.  After graduating from college, he had a job and was on a semi-pro football team.  One morning, searing pain in his legs led to to a diagnosis of nerve damage from diabetes.  He was prescribed a pain reliever containing the opioid oxycodone. After some dosage increases by his doctor, Edwin began taking the pills more often than they were prescribed; he became addicted to them. 4 4 A Growing Epidemic – 1  __________________________is epidemic in America. More than 130 people die every day from an opioid overdose. During the COVID-19 pandemic, opioid overdose death rates increased dramatically. 5 5 A Growing Epidemic – 2  Origins of life ___________: anything that has mass and occupies space ___________: a pure substance that has distinct physical and chemical properties and cannot be broken down into other substances ― ___________: the smallest unit of an element that retains its distinctive properties 6 6 2  1/11/2025 A Growing Epidemic – 3  Parts of an atom ___________: made of closely bound protons and neutrons Packed into the nucleus: ― ___________: positively charged nuclear particles ― ___________: uncharged (neutral) nuclear particles ___________: negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus 7 7 A Growing Epidemic – 4  ______________________: the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus Unique to each element  ___________: have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons  ______________________: sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an isotope The amount of mass in an isotope of an element 8 8 Atomic Structure – Figure 3.2 – Q1 Q1: How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does the hydrogen atom shown here have? What are the atomic number and the atomic mass number of the hydrogen atom? 9 9 3  1/11/2025 Atomic Structure – Figure 3.2 – Q2, Q3 Q2: What are the atomic number and the atomic mass number of the carbon isotope shown? Q3: Nitrogen-11 is an isotope of nitrogen that has 7 protons and 4 neutrons. What are the atomic number and atomic mass number of nitrogen-11? 10 10 Atoms into Compounds  Atoms can: ___________ electrons ___________ electrons ___________ electrons  To form chemical bonds that link atoms together to form molecules.  Chemical ___________: molecules that contain atoms from at least two different elements in a fixed ratio  Organic molecules: molecules that contain at least one carbon atom and hydrogen atoms  ___________ compounds: multiple organic molecules bound together 11 11 Forming Bonds – Introduction  Chemical ___________ attach atoms together. Outer Most “shell” of electrons is known as valence shell Electrons in this valence shell determine an elements unique binding properties or chemistry. 12 Pearson 2018 Figure 2.13 12 4  1/11/2025 Forming Bonds – Introduction  Chemical ___________ attach atoms together. The attraction (pull) for shared electrons is called ______________________. The differences in pull can give “polarity” of the bond. nuclei heavier Pearson 2018 Figure 2.13 cloud smaller 13 13 Forming Bonds – Introduction  Chemical ______________________ attach atoms together. 1) ___________ bonds 2) ___________ bonds 3) ___________ bonds 14 Pearson 2018 Figure 2.13 14 Forming Bonds – 1  Three major types of chemical bonds attach atoms together. 1. ___________ bond: formed when two atoms ___________ electrons in their outermost electron shell, the valence shell ― ___________ covalent bond: electron pairs are shared equally, so charge is evenly distributed. ― ___________ covalent bond: electron pairs are not shared equally, so atoms have different partial charges. 15 Pearson 2018 Figure 2.6 15 5  1/11/2025 Forming Bonds – 2  Three major types of chemical bonds attach atoms together. 2. ___________ bond: formed when the charges of positive and negative ions hold the atoms together ― ________: atoms that have lost or gained valence electrons 16 16 Forming Bonds – 3  Three major types of chemical bonds attach atoms together. 3. ___________ bond: a weak electrical attraction formed between two molecules that each have a polar covalent bond(s) ― A partial positive hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the partial negative atom of another molecule. 17 17 A Growing Epidemic – Returning to Edwin’s Story, part6  Tolerance: when a person no longer responds to a drug in the same way and must take a larger dose to achieve the same responses  Withdrawal: the experience of physical or psychological symptoms when a person stops taking an addictive drug  Addiction: drug use that remains compulsive despite its negative consequences 18 18 6  1/11/2025 To Hell and Back  Edwin soon began buying pills on the street.  He missed his mortgage payments.  His life savings ran dry.  On the verge of shooting up heroin that a dealer had offered, he called his sister instead.  Edwin committed to a long rehab and post-detox program. “It was the worst couple months of my life.” 19 19 Three Major Types of Chemical Bonds – Figure 3.5 – Q1 Q1: Which type of bond results in one positive ion and one negative ion? 20 20 Three Major Types of Chemical Bonds – Figure 3.5 – Q2 Q2: Which type of bond is not a covalent bond but requires the atoms to be covalently bonded to another atom? 21 21 7  1/11/2025 Three Major Types of Chemical Bonds – Figure 3.5 – Q3 Q3: What is a common feature of the valence shells of both atoms involved in covalent and ionic bonds? 22 22 The Building Blocks of Life – 2  No other element is as versatile as carbon. A single carbon atom can form strong covalent bonds with up to four other atoms. Carbon atoms bound to other carbon atoms can form long chains, branched molecules and even rings. 23 23 Versatile Carbon – Figure 3.6 – Q1, Q2 Q1: In methane gas, how many electrons is each hydrogen atom sharing? How many is the carbon atom sharing? Q2: Carbon dioxide is not technically considered an organic compound, even though it contains a carbon atom. What essential atom is found in the organic compounds shown here that is not included in carbon dioxide? 24 24 8  1/11/2025 Versatile Carbon – Figure 3.6 – Q3 Q3: Draw a molecule of formaldehyde (CH2O). How many electrons is the oxygen atom sharing with the carbon atom? How many is the carbon atom sharing with the oxygen atom and with each hydrogen atom? 25 25 The Big Six Elements of Life – Figure 3.7 26 26 The Big Six Elements of Life – Question Capability Practice Q1: Which element has the most electrons in its valence shell? The least? Q2: Which elements have three electron shells? Which elements have two? Which element has only one? Q3: To fill the valence shell of each element, how many electrons are needed? 27 27 9  1/11/2025 This Is Your Brain (reactions = “on Drugs”) – 1  Chemical reaction: the process of breaking or making chemical _____________ and creating new compounds _____________: the substance that undergoes a chemical change _____________: the new ions or molecules formed 28 Pearson 2015 Figure 2.9 28 The Building Blocks of Life – 1  _____________: large organic molecules (sometimes called macromolecules) Four major classes of biomolecules are critical for living cells: 1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. _____________ 4. _____________ All are built on a framework of covalently bonded carbon atoms. 29 29 The Building Blocks of Life – 3  Polymers: long strands of repeating units of small molecules called monomers Polymers include: ― Proteins. ― Carbohydrates. ― Nucleic acids. H2O Dehydration OH H H H Hydrolysis Short polymer Monomer Longer polymer H2O 30 Pearson 2015 Figure 3.UN01 30 10  1/11/2025 The Building Blocks of Life: Proteins – 1  The most numerous and versatile of the four biomolecules  Made of different combinations of the _______________________________ 31 31 The Building Blocks of Life: Proteins – 1  The most numerous and versatile of the four biomolecules  Made of different combinations of the 20 amino acid monomers 32 32 The Building Blocks of Life: Proteins – 2  Vary in __________________________and, therefore, function Enzymatic proteins Structural proteins Hormone and receptor proteins Membrane transport proteins Antibodies Storage proteins 33 33 11  1/11/2025 Proteins Make Up the Majority of Biomolecules Present in a Cell Figure 3.8 – Q1, Q2 Q1: Which monomers make up proteins, and how many are there? Q2: Describe the four levels of protein structure. 34 34 Proteins Make Up the Majority of Biomolecules Present in a Cell Figure 3.8 – Q3 Q3: Which of the function(s) listed in the caption do you think opioid receptors in brain cell membranes perform? 35 35 The Building Blocks of Life: Proteins – 3 View the animation: Protein Structure 36 36 12  1/11/2025 The Building Blocks of Life: Carbohydrates – 1  Made of sugar monomers  Range in size from one monomer to thousands _______saccharide = one monomer = “simple sugar” ____saccharides = two monomers _______saccharides = up to thousands of monomers 37 37 Monomers  Polymers (clarification of terms) 38 Monomers  Polymers (clarification of terms) 39 13  1/11/2025 Monomers  Polymers (clarification of terms) 40 Monomers  Polymers (clarification of terms) 41 Monomers  Polymers (clarification of terms) 42 14  1/11/2025 Monomers  Polymers (clarification of terms) 43 Monomers  Polymers (clarification of terms) 44 The Building Blocks of Life: Carbohydrates – 2  Vary in size and shape and, therefore, function Simple sugars are a cell’s direct fuel to make ATP. ‒ Glucose Energy storage ‒ Glycogen ‒ ________ Structural support ― _____________, or fiber ― Chitin ― Peptidoglycan 45 45 15  1/11/2025 Carbohydrates Are the Most Abundant Biomolecule on Earth Figure 3.9 – Q1 Q1: Which of the big six elements on Earth are found in carbohydrates? 46 46 Carbohydrates Are the Most Abundant Biomolecule on Earth Figure 3.9 – Q2, Q3 Q2: Which carbohydrate is used for energy storage in animal muscle tissue? Plant tissue? Q3: Name two carbohydrates used as structural support. 47 47 The Building Blocks of Life: Nucleic Acids – 1  Polymers of nucleotides – deoxyribonucleotides (________) and ribonucleotides (_________)  Store and transmit genetic information  Include: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) 48 48 16  1/11/2025 The Building Blocks of Life: Nucleic Acids – 2  DNA Provides long-term, stable genetic _______________________________________. Can be easily copied and passed on to future generations. Our genes are ____________.  RNA Provides a readable genetic language Enables __________________________ as proteins 49 49 Nucleic Acids Are Biomolecules That Are Essential to All Known Forms of Life – Figure 3.10 – Q1, Q2 Q1: Which nucleic acid is built of two strands of joined nucleotides? Q2: How many different types of ribonucleotide monomers make up RNA molecules? 50 50 Nucleic Acids Are Biomolecules That Are Essential to All Known Forms of Life – Figure 3.10 – Q3 Q3: Chromosomes are made up of which type of nucleotide monomers? 51 51 17  1/11/2025 The Building Blocks of Life: Lipids – 1  Better known as fats, oils, and steroids  Are ______ polymers Made up of hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and/or glycerol  Include: __________________________ Triglycerides __________________________ 52 52 The Building Blocks of Life: Lipids – 2  Lipids vary in size and shape and, therefore, function: Energy storage Insulation Structural support Protection Communication 53 53 Lipids Are a Structurally Diverse Group of Biomolecules Figure 3.11 – Q1 Q1: How many fatty acid chains attach to glycerol to form a triglyceride? How many are needed to form a phospholipid? 54 54 18  1/11/2025 Lipids Are a Structurally Diverse Group of Biomolecules Figure 3.11 – Q2, Q3 Q2: What type of lipid is formed from hydrocarbon rings? Q3: What type of molecules do chains of hydrocarbons form? 55 55 Making It Hard to Get High – 1  OxyContin users learned to bypass the extended oxycodone release time, leading to the opioid crisis. They could get high more quickly by: – Crushing the pills and snorting the powder. – Dissolving the pills in water and injecting the solution. 56 56 Making It Hard to Get High – 2  _____________ molecules: covalently bonded atoms in a molecule share electrons unequally Example: water – The oxygen end takes on a slightly __________ charge, and the hydrogen ends become slightly positively charged. – A molecule with a partial ___________ H atom and a molecule with any partial negative atom can form hydrogen bonds with each other and with water. 57 57 19  1/11/2025 Water Molecules Are Polar – Figure 3.12 – Q1, Q2 Q1: Where are the covalent bonds in this figure? Q2: This figure shows a water molecule. A hydrogen molecule (H2) consists of two hydrogen nuclei that share two electrons. Draw a simple diagram of a hydrogen molecule indicating the positions of the two electrons. 58 58 Making It Hard to Get High – 3  _____________ compounds mix completely with water.  Polarity makes water especially good at dissolving other substances into solutions. _____________: a combination of a solute and a solvent _____________: a dissolved substance _____________: the fluid into which the solute dissolves  Water is called the “versatile solvent” because it dissolves so many substances. 59 Pearson 2018 Figure 2.13 59 Water Molecules Are Polar – Figure 3.12 – Q3 Q3: When table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) dissolves in water, it separates into a sodium ion (Na+) and a chloride ion (Cl–). Which portion of a water molecule would attract the Na+ ion, and which portion would attract the Cl– ion? 60 60 20  1/11/2025 Making It Hard to Get High – 4  Hydro_____________ A substance that dissolves in water “Water-loving”  Hydro_____________ A substance that does not dissolve well in water ”Water-fearing” 61 61 Hydrophilic Substances Dissolve in Water, but Hydrophobic Substances Do Not – Figure 3.13 – Q1 Q1: Describe what will happen to the molecules of olive oil if you shake the bottle and then let it sit for an hour. What about the molecules of vinegar? 62 62 Hydrophilic Substances Dissolve in Water, but Hydrophobic Substances Do Not – Figure 3.13 – Q2, Q3 Q2: What will happen if you add another fat to the bottle, such as warm bacon grease, and shake it? Q3: Given how sugar behaves when it is mixed into coffee or tea, would you predict that it is hydrophobic or hydrophilic? 63 63 21  1/11/2025 Making It Hard to Get High – 5  Water can exist in all three states of matter: liquid, gas, and solid.  _____________: the transition from the liquid state to the gas state As water heats up, hydrogen bonds break, and water molecules spread out away from each other.  _____________: the opposite reaction of evaporation As water vapor cools, molecules re-form hydrogen bonds, and gas turns to liquid. 64 64 Water Molecules Change State as Hydrogen Bonds Increase or Decrease 65 Figure 3.14 65 Water Molecules Change State as Hydrogen Bonds Increase or Decrease – Figure 3.14 66 66 22  1/11/2025 Water Molecules Change State as Hydrogen Bonds Increase or Decrease – Figure 3.14 – Q1, Q2 Q1: Identify where in the picture water can be seen in its liquid, solid, and gas states. Q2: In the gas state, water molecules move too rapidly and are too far apart to form hydrogen bonds. Compare the volumes occupied by an equal number of water molecules in the liquid, solid, and gas states. 67 67 Water Molecules Change State as Hydrogen Bonds Increase or Decrease – Figure 3.14 – Q3 Q3: Explain in your own words how ice floats on water. 68 68 This Is Your Brain on Drugs – 2  Dr. Bohn has made a career out of studying how opioids affect the brain. Her research focuses on how to make painkillers safer and nonaddictive.  Opioid receptors are membrane proteins that, when bound by opioids, send signals into the cell.  These signals can result in pain relief but also addictive euphoria, and changes in body physiology including suppressed breathing. 69 69 23  1/11/2025 The Three Pathways for Opioid Responses – Figure 3.16 – Q1, Q2 Q1: Medically administered opioids—namely, prescription drugs— are meant to target which pathway(s)? Q2: Most, if not all, opioid abusers were originally prescribed opioids for medical pain relief. These people were “hooked” into illicit drug abuse by which pathway(s)? 70 70 The Three Pathways for Opioid Responses – Figure 3.16 – Q3 Q3: Opioid receptor proteins are lodged in cell membranes. Their centers interact with hydrophobic fatty acids of phospholipids, and their ends interact with the hydrophilic phosphate groups of phospholipids. Are opioid receptors hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Explain. 71 71 Forming Bonds – Chemical Reactions Slight structural differences in compounds result from differences in one or more of their chemical bonds. 72 72 24  1/11/2025 Fentanyl and NFEPP Differ Structurally at Only One Atom Figure 3.17 – Q1 Q1: List one reason why carbon ring structures might be diagrammed without the hydrogens and carbons in the structures of complex molecules. 73 73 Fentanyl and NFEPP Differ Structurally at Only One Atom Figure 3.17 – Q2 Q2: Single covalent bonds are represented by one line between atoms, whereas double covalent bonds between atoms are represented by two lines. How many double covalent bonds are in the chemical structure of fentanyl? How many are in the chemical structure of NFEPP? 74 74 Fentanyl and NFEPP Differ Structurally at Only One Atom Figure 3.17 – Q3 Q3: If NFEPP is approved and marketed as a safe and potent pain reliever, do you think fentanyl drug addictions and overdoses will decrease, increase, or stay the same? Why do you think so? What about oxycodone (OxyContin) addictions and overdoses? 75 75 25  1/11/2025 This Is Your Brain on Drugs – 2  ____________ lose one or more hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous (water-based) solution. By donating H+ ions to water, acids increase the concentration of free H+ ions in solution. ― Creates an acidic solution  ____________ accept H+ ions from an aqueous solution. By removing H+ ions, bases reduce the concentration of free H+ ions in solution. ― Creates a basic solution 76 76 This Is Your Brain on Drugs – 3  The _______ scale represents the concentration of H+ ions.  Ranges from 0 to _____ 77 77 The pH Scale Indicates Hydrogen Ion Concentration Figure 3.18 – Q1, Q2 Q1: Which has a higher concentration of free hydrogen (H+ ) ions: vinegar with a pH of 2.8 or milk with a pH of 6.5? Q2: What happens to the concentration of free H+ ions in your stomach when you drink milk? 78 78 26  1/11/2025 The pH Scale Indicates Hydrogen Ion Concentration Figure 3.18 – Q3 Q3: Black coffee has a pH of 5. Does adding coffee to water (pH of 7) increase or decrease the concentration of free H+ ions in the liquid? 79 79 Talking about Addiction – 1  Edwin has now been sober for seven years. Pain still occasionally radiates through his legs, but he avoids medication. Instead, he goes on long walks and plays with his 10-year-old son.  With rising numbers of opioid abuse and deaths, Edwin argues, “There needs to be more education about addiction. We must talk about it.” 80 80 Two Decades of Drug-Related Death 81 81 27  1/11/2025 Credits This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 3. For more resources, please visit https://iig.wwnorton.com/bionow4/full Copyright © 2024 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 82 Extra Practice Copyright © 2021 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 83 Checkpoint: Applied Knowledge Where is the polar covalent bond? 84 28  1/11/2025 Checkpoint: Applied Knowledge Where is the hydrogen bond? 85 Figure 2.14 Checkpoint: pH scale 0 Applied 1 Battery acid (Higher H+ concentration) Knowledge Increasingly ACIDIC 2 Lemon juice, gastric juice 3 Vinegar, cola Acidic solution 4 Tomato juice 5 Rainwater 6 Human urine Saliva NEUTRAL 7 Pure water [H+] = [OH–] Human blood, tears 8 Seawater Neutral solution (Higher OH– concentration) 9 Increasingly BASIC 10 Milk of magnesia 11 Household ammonia 12 Household bleach 13 Basic solution Oven cleaner 14 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 86 Figure 2.14 pH scale Checkpoint: Compared 0 to a basic solution at pH 9, the same volume1 of anacid Battery acidic solution at pH 4 has (Higher H+ concentration) Increasingly ACIDIC _____ times more H+. juice 2 Lemon gastric juice, 3 Vinegar, cola Acidic solution 4 Tomato juice a) 10 5 Rainwater 6 Human urine b) 1,000 Saliva NEUTRAL [H+] = [OH–] 7 Pure water c) 10,000 Human blood, tears 8 Seawater Neutral solution d) 100,000 (Higher OH– concentration) 9 Increasingly BASIC 10 Milk of magnesia 11 Household ammonia 12 Household bleach 13 Basic solution Oven cleaner 14 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 87 29  1/11/2025 Checkup: Why are there always four lines out of a carbon atom? A) Because Carbon has four hydrogens that are hydrogen bonded to it B) The lines make a tetrahedron C) Because Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell making it capable of forming 4 ionic bonds D) Because Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell making it capable of forming 4 covalent bonds 88 Practice Question Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except __________. a) nucleic acids b) proteins c) carbohydrates d) lipids e) All of the molecules listed are macromolecules. 89 Word Cloud Write the formula for a monosaccharide that has three carbons. 90 30  1/11/2025 Biomolecule Functions: Which of the following statements about enzymes is false? A) They increase the rate of chemical reactions. B) They function as chemical catalysts. C) They regulate virtually all chemical reactions in a cell. D) They are monomers used to build proteins. 91 Applied Knowledge Lactose, as you read in the chapter introduction, is the disaccharide sugar in milk. It is formed from glucose and galactose. The formula for both these monosaccharides is C6H12O6. What is the formula for lactose? A) C6H12O6 B) C12H22O11 C) C12H24O12 D) CH2O 92 Video: Properties of Water 93 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwAGWky98c 93 31  1/11/2025 Video: Acids and Bases 94 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnbS56HQbaU 94 Think-Pair-Share (pH in Beakers) 95 95 32