Proteins, Collagen and Hemoglobin Function

• Proteins that perform a protective function include actin, interferon, insulin, and albumin.

• Proteins with contractile functions include myosin and jonahs.

Collagen

• Four types exist
• Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body
• Contained in skin, tendons, bones, and the cornea
• It is present in cartilage and the glassoid body of the eye
• Also found within the intima of vessels and the cardiovascular system
• Found in basal membranes

Amino Acids and Ester Bond Formation

• Serine, threonine, and tyrosine participate in the formation of ester bonds between amino acids and phosphoric acid.

HbS (Sickle Cell Hemoglobin)

• α2β2

Hemoglobin Function

• Vertebrate erythrocytes use hemoglobin for two major transport functions.
• Transports oxygen (O₂) from the lungs to peripheral tissues.
• Transports carbon dioxide (CO₂) and protons from peripheral tissues back to the lungs.

Hemoglobin Participation

• Hemoglobin's functions DO NOT include: being a source of urine, feces pigments, or formation of rodopsine

Myoglobin

• Red muscle myoglobin stores oxygen
• Releases oxygen during oxygen deprivation for muscle mitochondria use
• Used for oxygen-dependent ATP synthesis
• Consists of 153 amino acids

Transferrin

• Beta-1-globulin has a molecular mass of approximately 79 kDa.

Ferritin

• Ferritin is important in iron metabolism
• It stores iron under normal conditions
• Iron can be used as conditionally required under normal conditions

Ceruloplasmin

• This copper containing protein has a blue color
• Ceruloplasmin carries 90% of the copper in plasma

Glycoproteins

• Contain ~6% carbohydrates in structure

Proper Glycoproteins

• Sialoproteins, hormones, protrombin, transcortin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobine protein of blood`s group specificity, immunoglobulins, mucins

Slime Proteins

• Slime proteins are contained in saliva
• Help with viscosity
• Can be found in glands of the gastro-intestinal tract, respiratory ways, & urine system
• Plays protective role
• Can also be found in fish, frogs and reptiles to protect skin from harmful external factor
• Includes Musine, Fucose, Galactose and Neuraminic acid

Proteoglycan Carbohydrates

• Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)
• Contains D-galactose, D-mannose, D-glucose, L-fucose, N-acetylglycosamine, N-acetylgalactose, sialic acid, arabinose, neuraminic acid, xylose

Glucosaminoglycans

• Six types of glucosaminoglycans exist, but musine is not one of them.
• The following compounds are: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates A, B, C, D, keratin sulfates, heparins

Nucleoproteins in an Organism

• Performs: structural and transport functions.
• Provides tissue specificity

Nucleoproteins Compostion

• Simple proteins and nucleic acids
• The proteins having quaternary structure
• Proteins and carbohydrates

Mononucleotides

• Structural units of polynucleotide
• Are part of some vitamins
• Are prosthetic group of nucleoprotein

Nucleotides Importance

• Nucleotides are not a component of carbohydrate

Adenylic Acid

• Enters RNA
• Enters DNA
• Enters Phosphoproteins
• Enters myoglobin
• Enters histones

Thymidine Monophosphate

• Thymidine monophosphate is a component of DNA and Histones

DNA Nucleotides

• Not a part of phosphoproteins
• Enters the DNA

Nucleoside Triphosphate

• An important structure because it is a Component of nucleotide
• It is a source of a phosphoric acid and energy
• Participates in formation of nucleic acids
• A source for synthesis of cyclic nucleotide}

Complementarity

• Characteristically for A and T
• Characteristically for G and C

Principle of Complementarity

• Characteristic of DNA, m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA

DNA Molecules Characteristic

• Changeable quantity
• the big molecular weight
• Observance of rules Chargaff

Primary DNA Structure Determination

• DNA-polymerise
• Nucleosoma

Primary DNA Structure Stabilization

• Hydrogen bond
• Forces Van der Waals
• Phosphodiester bond

Primary DNA Structure Representation

• Two-spiral polynucleotide chain with observance of rules Chargaff

Secondary DNA Representation

• Two-spiral polynucleotide chain with observance of rules Chargaff

Secondary Structure DNA

• Stabilized by hydrogen
• Stabilized by forces Van der Waals

Tertiary DNA

• Nucleosoma
• Cloverleaf or trefoil
• Free loop
• Closed oval

Quarternary DNA Structure

• Made up of: chromosome, polynucleotide chain, nucleosome, polypeptide chain, polysome

RNA vs DNA

• RNA has one polynucleotide chain

Primary RNA Structure

• One-spiral polynucleotide chain

Secondary m-RNA Representation}

• Cloverleaf or trefoil
• Free loops

Role of t-RNA

• Recognizes amino acids and carry them to a ribosome

Specificity of t-RNA

• Provided by antycodone
• Provided by acceptor site

Specificity t-RNA to determined codon

• Provided by: acceptor site and structure aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Antycodone Location

• Located on t-RNA

Deoxyribose

• Monosaccharide is a component of nucleotides in DNA

Maltose Glycosidic Bond

• α(1-4)

Carbohydrates Storage in Animals

• Glycogen

Disaccharide

• Lactose

Non-Reducing Sugar

• Sucrose

Plant Cell Walls

• Major component is Cellulose

Heteropolysaccharide

• Hyaluronic acid

Bacterial Cell Walls

• Sugar involved is N-acetylglucosamine

Animal Starch

• Glycogen

Dietary Fiber

• Reduces glucose and cholesterol absorption

Assessing Kidney Function

• Inulin

Aldohezose

• Glucose

Sucrose

• α(1-2) β

Sugar Alcohol

• Sorbitol

Humans Digestion

• Can not digest cellulose

Sweetest Naturally

• Fructose

Glucose Molecules After Hydrolyze Test

• Starch

Carbohydrate utilization before marathon

• Glycogen

Lactase Disruption Consequence

• Lactose intolerance

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

• Maintains structural integrity of connective tissue

Primary Body Storage

• Polysaccharides

Cell Membranes

• Phospholipids

Function of Lipids

• Enzymes are not catalysis by lipids

No Double Bonds

• Saturated fatty acids

Increase LDL

• Saturated fatty acid

Hydrogen Atoms

• Trans fatty acid

Anti Inflammatory Agent

• Omega-3 fatty acids

Cholesterol Transfer

• LDL

Poyenoic Derivative

• Eicosanoids

Steroid Hormones

• Precursor is Cholesterol

Good Cholesterol

• HDL

Essential Fatty Acid

• Linoleic acid

Lipid includes cerebrosides and gangliosides

• Glycolipids

Trans Fatty Acids

• Increase cardiovascular risk

Cell Signaling

• Phospholipids

Dietary Triglycerides

• VLDL synthesized

Component of Bile Acids

• Cholesterol

Reduce LDL

• Minimize Saturated fats

Liquid Hydrogenation

• Trans unsaturated fatty acids increased

Bile Acid Synthesis Deficiency

• Absorption of cholesterol is impaired

Hypertriglyceridemia

• Decreased VLDL is a mechanism

Synthesis of Eicosanoids

• Arachidonic acid is the lipid

High Trans Fat

• Elevated C-reactive protein levels are likely

Lipid Molecule

• Made of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group; this is used in cell membrane structure