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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of hormones in the body?
Which of the following accurately describes enzymes?
Which factor is NOT likely to cause deficiencies in enzymes?
What role do proteins play in the immune response?
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How does the body maintain acid-base balance?
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What is one of the least efficient functions of proteins?
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Which protein functions primarily in the transport of nutrients in the bloodstream?
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What type of substances are produced by the immune system in response to antigens?
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What is the primary role of essential amino acids in the body?
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Which process allows the body to create nonessential amino acids?
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What is the significance of peptide bonds in proteins?
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How does denaturation affect proteins?
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What role do immune response proteins primarily serve in the body?
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Which factor does NOT affect the denaturation of proteins?
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What mechanism serves to maintain fluid balance in the body through proteins?
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Why is the unique sequence of amino acids important for proteins?
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What is one of the primary roles of proteins in hormonal regulation?
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How do proteins function as enzymes in metabolic processes?
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What does protein turnover refer to in the body?
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In what way do proteins contribute to the immune response?
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Which of the following best illustrates the role of proteins in metabolic regulation?
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Study Notes
Proteins
- Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
- Protein also supplies energy (4kcal/g), but it is not the primary function
- Units of protein are made up of amino acids
Amino Acids
- Building blocks of protein
- Have a central carbon connected to four side groups: Amino group, Acid group (carboxyl), Hydrogen group, and R group (side chain)
- R group is unique in each different amino acid
- Two categories: Essential and Non-essential
Essential Amino Acids
- Must be acquired from our diet
Nonessential Amino Acids
- Normally made by the body in adequate amounts
- Transamination is a process in which the amine group is transferred from one molecule to another to create an amino acid
- Conditionally Essential amino acids
Amino Acid Sequencing
- Different proteins have a unique sequence of amino acids
- These amino acids are linked together by Peptide bonds
Shape and Protein Function
- Correct amino acid sequence leads to predictable structure and function
- Incorrect amino acid sequence can change the structure and cause errors in function (Ex: Sickle cell anemia)
- Shape dictates protein function
Denaturation of Proteins
- The physical properties of a protein can be altered
- A protein’s structure can be changed by heat, acid, enzymes, agitation, or alcohol.
- Denaturation (Ex: Cooking an egg or stomach acid denatures proteins we eat)
Functions of Protein in the Body
- Fluid Balance: Proteins in blood maintain optimal balance between the fluids inside and outside cells and blood vessels
- Albumin is a protein in the blood that helps maintain the fluid balance
- Edema can develop when the blood albumin is low
Acid-Base Balance
- Acids and bases are constantly being produced by the body’s metabolic processes
- The body works to maintain pH (acid-base balance) in a tight range
- Proteins act as buffers to neutralize acidic and basic conditions
Immune Function
- Foreign substances that enter the body and trigger an immune response are called Antigens
- Proteins form the body’s first barriers against immune invaders, like the skin and mucus
- Immunoglobulins (Antibodies), proteins are produced by the immune system in response to antigens
- Antibodies help fight infections
Enzymes
- Speed up chemical reactions
- Made up of strings of 100 to 1,000 amino acids
- Have a unique shape
- Deficiencies in enzymes can be caused by genetic factors or other reasons like illness, malnutrition, and medications
Hormones
- Messengers that help regulate various systems and functions of the body
- Made of lipids or proteins (Ex: Insulin (protein), estrogen (lipids))
Transport
- Transport substances across cell walls (Ex: Sodium-potassium pump)
- Transporter of nutrients through the bloodstream (Ex: Retinol-binding protein)
- Proteins with water-repelling and water-attracting ends allow for interaction with fats and water (Ex: Lipoproteins)
Energy
- Energy production is the least efficient function of proteins
- No major storage form for immediate use
- The body uses protein for energy as a last resource
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Protein Turnover
- The continuous breakdown and synthesis of protein molecules in the body
- Essential for growth, repair, and maintenance
Dietary Sources of Protein
Complete Proteins
- Contain all 9 essential amino acids
- Ex: Animal products like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products
- Soy products are a good source of complete proteins
Incomplete Proteins
- Lack one or more essential amino acids
- Ex: Plant based sources like grains, beans, nuts, seeds
- Combining different plant-based proteins can create a complete protein profile
DRIs for Protein
- Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight
- Varies based on individual needs and factors like age, activity levels, and health conditions
Vegetarian Diets
- People who choose to restrict animal products from their diet
- Types of Vegetarian Diets: Vegan, lacto-vegetarian, ovo-vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian, pescetarian
Health Benefits of Vegetarian Diets
- Reduced risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and obesity
- Improved digestion and bowel health
Potential Nutrient Deficits in Vegetarian Diets
- Vitamin B12, Iron, Zinc, Calcium, Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
- A condition caused by insufficient intake of protein and calories
Marasmus
- A severe form of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by severe wasting and emaciation
Kwashiorkor
- A form of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, skin lesions, and impaired growth
Negative Effects of Too Much Protein
- Increased risk of kidney stones, bone loss, and dehydration
- May also contribute to an increased risk of certain cancers
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of proteins and amino acids, including their structure, categories, and functions. Learn about essential and nonessential amino acids, as well as the significance of amino acid sequencing in protein functionality.
