Protein Types and Functions

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Questions and Answers

Which type of protein solely provides amino acids upon hydrolysis?

  • Conjugated proteins
  • Complex proteins
  • Derived proteins
  • Simple proteins (correct)

Which of the following proteins is classified as a lipoprotein?

  • Keratin
  • Collagen
  • Histone
  • Hemoglobin (correct)

What is the primary structural feature that connects amino acids in a protein?

  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Peptide links (correct)
  • Ionic bonds
  • Disulfide bridges

Which of these proteins is a conjugated protein?

<p>Globulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a biological function of proteins?

<p>Energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein consists of only amino acids and does not include other biochemical components?

<p>Simple proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the terminal groups called at either end of a polypeptide chain?

<p>N-terminal and C-terminal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of protein classification would you find keratin and collagen?

<p>Structural proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes conjugated proteins from simple proteins?

<p>Presence of non-protein parts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an immunoglobulin?

<p>Antibody (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transferrin in the body?

<p>Iron transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes ferritin?

<p>A storage form of iron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein primarily participates in the transport of oxygen within the body?

<p>Hemoproteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates primary protein derivatives from secondary protein derivatives?

<p>Primary derivatives result from denaturation, while secondary arise from hydrolysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does coagulated albumin represent?

<p>A primary protein derivative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes nucleoproteins in the context of their components?

<p>Proteins associated with nucleic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the action of hydrolyzing agents on proteins?

<p>Peptide bonds are cleaved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a secondary protein derivative?

<p>Peptone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FAD/FMN in flavoproteins?

<p>Hydrogen carrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of heat or acid on proteins?

<p>Denaturation occurs without peptide bond breakage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of gelatin in relation to dietary protein value?

<p>Deficient in essential amino acids such as tryptophan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about coagulation of proteins is correct?

<p>Coagulation changes protein structure from liquid to solid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein is characterized as lacking one or more essential amino acids?

<p>Gelatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What non-protein part is associated with glycoproteins?

<p>Carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is a metalloprotein?

<p>Ceruloplasmin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lipoproteins in the body?

<p>Transporting lipids in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The caseinogen is classified as which type of protein?

<p>Phosphoprotein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true about serum globulin?

<p>It is solubilized in water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes high biological value proteins from low biological value proteins?

<p>Complete essential amino acid profile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a function of antibodies?

<p>Immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Protein Definition

Organic complex nitrogenous compounds formed from C, H, O, N (sometimes S), combining amino acids into polypeptide chains.

Protein Structure

Polypeptide chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (-CO-NH-), with a C-terminal end and an N-terminal end.

Peptide Bond

The link between amino acids in proteins, formed from a carbonyl group and an amine group.

Simple Protein

A protein that, when chemically broken down (hydrolyzed), only consists of amino acids.

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Protein Classification

Simple proteins, conjugated proteins, and derived proteins categorize them according to their components.

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Conjugated Proteins

Proteins that contain non-protein components (prosthetic groups) besides amino acids.

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Derived Proteins

Proteins produced from the breakdown of simple or conjugated proteins.

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Protein Roles (Enzymes)

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

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Protein Roles (Hormones)

Chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions.

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Protein Importance

Proteins play crucial roles in various biological functions, including structural support, enzymatic catalysis, and regulation.

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Coagulation

Change in protein structure from liquid to solid or thicker liquid.

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Gelatin source

Obtained from collagen by boiling.

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Gelatin property (digestion)

Easily digested.

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Gelatin nutritional value

Low biological value; Deficient in some amino acids (e.g., tryptophan).

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High biological value protein

Contain all essential amino acids (e.g., casein, albumin, globulin).

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Low biological value protein

Lack one or more essential amino acids (e.g., gelatin, gliadin, vegetable proteins).

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Glycoprotein example

Hormones, antibodies, blood group antigens, receptors, and enzymes.

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Lipoprotein function

Lipid transport in blood.

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Phosphoprotein example

Caseinogen (milk protein).

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Transferrin

A protein responsible for transporting iron (Fe+2) in the blood.

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Ferritin

A protein that stores iron (Fe+3) in the body.

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Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by allowing cells to take up glucose.

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Chromoprotein

A protein that contains a colored pigment.

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Hemoglobin

A chromoprotein that transports oxygen in the blood.

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Myoglobin

A chromoprotein that stores oxygen in muscle tissue.

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Flavoprotein

A chromoprotein containing flavin pigments, involved in electron transfer.

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Nucleoprotein

A protein complexed with nucleic acids (DNA or RNA).

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Primary Protein Derivatives

Products of protein denaturation, where the peptide bonds remain intact.

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Secondary Protein Derivatives

Products of protein hydrolysis, where the peptide bonds are broken, resulting in smaller peptides or amino acids.

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Study Notes

Protein Types

  • Proteins are complex nitrogenous organic compounds.
  • They are formed from carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and sometimes sulfur (S).
  • Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds (-CO-NH-).
  • The ends of a polypeptide chain are:
    • C-terminal: COOH group at one end.
    • N-terminal: NH2 group at the other end.

Biological Importance of Proteins

  • Enzymes: Catalyze biochemical reactions.
  • Hormones (protein hormones): Regulate bodily functions.
  • Plasma proteins: Contribute to blood functions.
  • Immunoglobulins (antibodies): Defend against pathogens.
  • Receptors: Receive and transmit signals.
  • Hemoglobin: Transports oxygen.
  • Lipoproteins: Transport lipids.
  • Supporting structures: (e.g., cartilage, bone, skin, hair).

Classification of Proteins

  • Simple proteins: Composed solely of amino acids.
    • Examples: Albumin, globulin, histone, protamine, glutelin, gliadin, and albuminoids (scleroproteins). Sub-types such as keratin and collagen are examples of scleroproteins.
    • Albumin is coagulated by heat. Globulin is not.
  • Conjugated (compound) proteins: Contain a non-protein component (prosthetic group).
    • Sub-types (examples and functions):
      • Glycoproteins: Carbohydrate component
      • Lipoproteins: Lipid component
      • Phosphoproteins: Phosphoric acid component
      • Metalloproteins: Metal component (e.g., copper, iron, zinc)
      • Chromoproteins: Pigment component (e.g., hemoglobin)
      • Nucleoproteins: Nucleic acid component (e.g., ribosomes)
  • Derived proteins: Products of simple or conjugated protein denaturation or hydrolysis.
    • Sub-types such as proteoses, peptones, peptides, and amino acids are secondary and derived proteins, denoting progressive hydrolysis. They are characterized by a loss of structural elements and hence differences in molecular weight.

Gelatin

  • Derived from collagen by boiling and cooling.
  • Easily digested.
  • Not a complete protein (low biological value) as it lacks some essential amino acids such as tryptophan.

Biological Value of Proteins

  • High biological value proteins: Contain all essential amino acids (e.g., casein in milk, albumin, globulin).
  • Low biological value proteins: Lack one or more essential amino acids (e.g., gelatin, gliadin, vegetable proteins).

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