Podcast
Questions and Answers
We have already referred to DNA as a code or blueprint for living things. More specifically, it is a code for making _____.
We have already referred to DNA as a code or blueprint for living things. More specifically, it is a code for making _____.
proteins
A sequence of bases = a gene. Each gene on a chromosome 'codes' for a protein (aka _____).
A sequence of bases = a gene. Each gene on a chromosome 'codes' for a protein (aka _____).
polypeptide
If proteins are strings of amino acids, the DNA determines the _____ of the amino acids.
If proteins are strings of amino acids, the DNA determines the _____ of the amino acids.
sequence
Protein Synthesis = the _____ of proteins or gene _____.
Protein Synthesis = the _____ of proteins or gene _____.
The DNA is located inside the _____ but proteins are made on the _____.
The DNA is located inside the _____ but proteins are made on the _____.
So the question is, how do the ribosomes know what to do? Protein Synthesis involves a cousin of DNA, called _____. RNA is similar to DNA, but instead of being double stranded, it is only _____ stranded.
So the question is, how do the ribosomes know what to do? Protein Synthesis involves a cousin of DNA, called _____. RNA is similar to DNA, but instead of being double stranded, it is only _____ stranded.
RNA consists of a pentose sugar (_____), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
RNA consists of a pentose sugar (_____), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
The nitrogenous bases used in RNA are different. The purines are the same (Adenine and Guanine), but the pyrimidines are different (Cytosine and _____).
The nitrogenous bases used in RNA are different. The purines are the same (Adenine and Guanine), but the pyrimidines are different (Cytosine and _____).
RNA comes in 3 types: mRNA (_____ RNA), tRNA (_____ RNA) and rRNA (_____ RNA)
RNA comes in 3 types: mRNA (_____ RNA), tRNA (_____ RNA) and rRNA (_____ RNA)
Transcription starts inside the _____ and involves _____.
Transcription starts inside the _____ and involves _____.
The enzyme _____ Polymerase begins to match up RNA base pairs to the unzipped _____ strand using the RNA pairing rules.
The enzyme _____ Polymerase begins to match up RNA base pairs to the unzipped _____ strand using the RNA pairing rules.
_____ binds with A.
_____ binds with A.
These new base pairs form a strand of _____.
These new base pairs form a strand of _____.
The mRNA leaves the nucleus through the _____.
The mRNA leaves the nucleus through the _____.
The mRNA goes to a _____ and binds to it. Next, translation begins.
The mRNA goes to a _____ and binds to it. Next, translation begins.
Essentially, transcription is all about creating _____.
Essentially, transcription is all about creating _____.
Translation occurs on the _____.
Translation occurs on the _____.
The _____ binds to the ribosome.
The _____ binds to the ribosome.
The ribosome “reads” the mRNA in sequences of 3 bases at a time. Every 3 bases on the mRNA is called a _____. Each codon codes for an _____ acid.
The ribosome “reads” the mRNA in sequences of 3 bases at a time. Every 3 bases on the mRNA is called a _____. Each codon codes for an _____ acid.
For example: 3 U's in a row is read as UUU and equals the amino acid _____.
For example: 3 U's in a row is read as UUU and equals the amino acid _____.
TRNA molecules match their _____ with the codons on the mRNA molecule and bring with them the correct _____.
TRNA molecules match their _____ with the codons on the mRNA molecule and bring with them the correct _____.
The tRNA molecules drop off their amino acids and leave the ribosome. The growing chain of amino acids eventually forms a _____.
The tRNA molecules drop off their amino acids and leave the ribosome. The growing chain of amino acids eventually forms a _____.
AUG = the amino acid _____. This is the universal _____ codon
AUG = the amino acid _____. This is the universal _____ codon
This tells the ribosome when to _____ building the protein. Every protein begins with the codon AUG.
This tells the ribosome when to _____ building the protein. Every protein begins with the codon AUG.
UAA, UAG, and UGA are known as the _____ codons. They instruct the ribosome to stop protein synthesis.
UAA, UAG, and UGA are known as the _____ codons. They instruct the ribosome to stop protein synthesis.
DNA replication occurs during transcription.
DNA replication occurs during transcription.
TRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome.
TRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome.
Flashcards
Proteins
Proteins
Molecules that are the building blocks of organisms, coded for by DNA.
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
The process of creating proteins from a DNA template, involving transcription and translation.
RNA
RNA
A molecule similar to DNA but single-stranded, playing a crucial role in protein synthesis.
Transcription
Transcription
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mRNA (messenger RNA)
mRNA (messenger RNA)
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RNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
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Translation
Translation
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Codon
Codon
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Amino Acid
Amino Acid
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Start Codon
Start Codon
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Study Notes
- DNA serves as a code/blueprint for living things, specifically for making proteins.
- A gene is a sequence of bases on a chromosome that "codes" for a protein (aka polypeptide).
- DNA dictates the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
- Protein synthesis is the manufacturing or expression of proteins or genes.
- DNA resides in the nucleus, but proteins are made on the ribosome.
- Protein synthesis uses RNA, which is similar to DNA.
- RNA is single-stranded, unlike the double-stranded DNA.
- RNA consists of a pentose sugar (ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- RNA's nitrogenous bases differ from DNA; purines (Adenine and Guanine) are the same, but pyrimidines (Cytosine and Uracil) are different.
- There are 3 types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
- Protein synthesis occurs in two main phases: transcription and translation.
Transcription
- Transcription begins in the nucleus and involves mRNA.
- First, a region of the DNA unwinds.
- RNA polymerase, an enzyme, pairs RNA bases to the unzipped DNA strand, following these pairing rules: A with U, G with C.
- This process forms a strand of mRNA.
- mRNA then exits the nucleus via nuclear pores.
- mRNA binds to a ribosome, initiating translation.
- Essentially, transcription is all about creating mRNA.
Translation
- Translation happens on the ribosome.
- mRNA attaches to the ribosome.
- The ribosome "reads" the mRNA in triplets of bases (codon).
- Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid (e.g., UUU equals the amino acid phenylalanine).
- tRNA molecules, carrying anticodons, match with the mRNA's codons.
- tRNA brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome.
- tRNA releases its amino acid and leaves the ribosome, contributing to the growing chain of amino acids that will form a protein.
- With the four available letters (U, A, G, C), there are 64 possible codon combinations, but only 20 amino acids, meaning some amino acids have more than one codon.
Special Codons
- AUG (methionine) is the universal start codon, signaling the ribosome to start building the protein and initiating translation for every protein.
- UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons, instructing the ribosome to halt protein synthesis.
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