Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the three main types of RNA?
What are the three main types of RNA?
- DNA, mRNA, and tRNA
- DNA, mRNA, and rRNA
- mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
- messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (correct)
DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell.
DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell.
False (B)
What is the process called where the genetic code in DNA is copied into mRNA?
What is the process called where the genetic code in DNA is copied into mRNA?
transcription
The enzyme responsible for the production of the mRNA molecule is called ______.
The enzyme responsible for the production of the mRNA molecule is called ______.
Match the following components of protein synthesis with their corresponding functions:
Match the following components of protein synthesis with their corresponding functions:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of X-linked recessive inheritance?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of X-linked recessive inheritance?
In an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, an affected individual must have at least one affected parent.
In an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, an affected individual must have at least one affected parent.
What is the term used to describe a pattern of inheritance where a single gene has multiple effects on the phenotype?
What is the term used to describe a pattern of inheritance where a single gene has multiple effects on the phenotype?
A pedigree chart uses ______ to represent males and ______ to represent females.
A pedigree chart uses ______ to represent males and ______ to represent females.
Match the following inheritance patterns with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the following inheritance patterns with their corresponding characteristics:
Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked recessive disorder?
Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked recessive disorder?
In sex-influenced traits, the expression of a trait can be affected by the sex hormones of an individual.
In sex-influenced traits, the expression of a trait can be affected by the sex hormones of an individual.
Explain the difference between sex-linked traits and sex-limited traits.
Explain the difference between sex-linked traits and sex-limited traits.
Flashcards
Protein Synthesis Pathway
Protein Synthesis Pathway
The process of creating proteins from DNA involves DNA to mRNA to tRNA to protein.
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
The enzyme responsible for synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template during transcription.
Transcription
Transcription
The process of copying a segment of DNA into mRNA.
Three types of RNA
Three types of RNA
Signup and view all the flashcards
Translation
Translation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sex Determination
Sex Determination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sex-linked Inheritance
Sex-linked Inheritance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hemophilia
Hemophilia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pedigree
Pedigree
Signup and view all the flashcards
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
Signup and view all the flashcards
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
Signup and view all the flashcards
X-linked Dominant Inheritance
X-linked Dominant Inheritance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Protein Synthesis
- Protein synthesis is the creation of polypeptide chains (proteins)
- Two main phases:
- Transcription
- Translation
- mRNA must be processed before leaving the nucleus
- DNA → RNA → Protein
DNA and Protein
- Walter Sutton discovered chromosomes are made of DNA and protein
- Scientists initially unsure if DNA or protein is the genetic material
- Frederick Griffith (1928) showed DNA is the genetic material
- Watson and Crick (1950s) created the first model of DNA
DNA Structure
- DNA is made of nucleotides
- Nucleotides consist of:
- Phosphate group
- Deoxyribose sugar
- Nitrogenous base
- Four bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
- Bases pair according to the rules: A with T, and G with C.
- DNA is a double helix (double-stranded) structure. DNA strands are antiparallel.
DNA Replication
- DNA replication produces an exact copy of DNA
- DNA polymerase is the enzyme involved in this process.
- Hydrogen bonds between the bases break, and enzymes unzip the molecule.
- Each old strand acts as a template for a new strand.
- Complementary nucleotides are added to each template strand.
Nucleic Acids
- Include DNA and RNA
RNA Structure
- RNA differs from DNA: RNA uses ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose, and uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
- RNA is typically single-stranded.
- Three types of RNA:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries genetic info.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): component of ribosomes
- Transfer RNA (tRNA): transports amino acids.
Protein Synthesis Pathway
- DNA > mRNA > tRNA (ribosomes) > Protein
Genetic Code
- DNA contains a triplet code.
- Each three bases on DNA (codon) represent one amino acid.
- Most amino acids have more than one possible codon.
- The code is nearly universal among living organisms.
- The sequence of bases (codons) in mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Transcription
- DNA sequence is copied into a complementary mRNA strand.
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
- The enzyme RNA polymerase is required for this process.
- A particular segment of DNA is unzipped to expose the coding region.
- mRNA moves to the cytoplasm.
- RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary RNA strand using one DNA strand as a template. The RNA Polymerase recognizes and binds to the promoter site on the DNA.
Translation
- mRNA sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain
- This takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, at the ribosomes.
- Ribosomes assemble the amino acids in the order specified by the mRNA.
- tRNA brings the specific amino acid to the ribosome based on its anticodon matching the codon on the mRNA.
- The ribosome forms peptide bonds between successive amino acids to create a polypeptide chain.
- Initiation: start codon AUG
- Elongation: amino acids linked from mRNA codon to codon, tRNA brings amino acids
- Termination: stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA).
RNA Processing
- Pre-mRNA undergoes processing before leaving the nucleus.
- Introns (non-coding regions) are removed and exons (coding regions) are joined.
- Introns are not part of the protein message.
- The mature mRNA molecule moves to the cytoplasm for translation.
Ribosomes
- Ribosomes are the cellular structures where amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide chain.
- Made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
- Ribosomes have two subunits (large and small).
Proteins
- Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
- Proteins have a primary structure (the unique sequence of amino acids) as dictated by the genetic code.
- Proteins can have secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures determined by their specific sequences.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
