Protein Synthesis

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Questions and Answers

What is the molecule responsible for translating the nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence?

  • RNA polymerase
  • Ribosome
  • DNA
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA (correct)

What is the molecule responsible for translating DNA into RNA?

  • DNA polymerase
  • Ribosome
  • RNA polymerase (correct)
  • tRNA

What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes in protein synthesis, and why is it critical to the process?

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes catalyze the loading of the appropriate amino acid onto tRNA. This step is critical to the overall fidelity of protein synthesis, as it ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.

What is the role of the ribosome in the translation process?

<p>The ribosome orchestrates the translation process of mRNA into proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the E site in the ribosome?

<p>It is the site where the tRNA binds on its way out of the ribosome following the incorporation of its amino acid into the polypeptide chain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the E site in the ribosome?

<p>It is the site where the tRNA binds on its way out of the ribosome following the incorporation of its amino acid into the polypeptide chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ribosome initiate translation in eukaryotes, and what is the significance of the 5' capped end of mRNA?

<p>In eukaryotes, the ribosome engages the 5' capped end of the mRNA and scans along until it encounters the 5'-most AUG codon. The 5' cap is significant because it helps to protect the mRNA from degradation and also aids in the recognition and binding of the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is responsible for translating the nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence?

<p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for translating the nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the E site in the ribosome during translation, and when does a tRNA bind to it?

<p>The E site is the site where the tRNA binds on its way out of the ribosome following the incorporation of its amino acid into the polypeptide chain. This occurs during the termination phase of translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the A site in the ribosome during translation?

<p>The A site is where the incoming tRNA with the new amino acid to be incorporated binds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes?

<p>They catalyze the loading of the amino acid onto the appropriate tRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical step for the overall fidelity of protein synthesis?

<p>Loading of the amino acid onto the appropriate tRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno motif in bacteria?

<p>It is a poly-purine motif in the mRNA that directly pairs with a poly-pyrimidine motif in the small ribosomal subunit rRNA to position the AUG in the P site (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pet style tRNA?

<p>It is the tRNA that is always bound in the central most position in the ribosome and carries the growing polypeptide chain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Shine-Dalgarno motif in bacteria?

<p>The Shine-Dalgarno motif in bacteria is a poly-purine motif in the mRNA, found six to eight nucleotides upstream of the initiator AUG, that directly pairs with a poly-pyrimidine motif in the small ribosomal subunit rRNA to position the AUG in the P site where the initiator tRNA binds to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Shine-Dalgarno motif in bacteria, and how does it aid in translation initiation?

<p>The Shine-Dalgarno motif is a poly-purine motif in the mRNA that pairs with a poly-pyrimidine motif in the small ribosomal subunit rRNA to position the AUG in the P site, where the initiator tRNA binds to it. This aids in translation initiation in bacteria by helping to identify the starting AUG methionine codon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases of translation?

<p>The three phases of translation are initiation, elongation, and termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Shine-Dalgarno motif in bacteria?

<p>It is a poly-purine motif in the mRNA, found six to eight nucleotides upstream of the initiator AUG, that directly pairs with a poly-pyrimidine motif in the small ribosomal subunit rRNA to position the AUG in the P site where the initiator tRNA binds to it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pet style tRNA?

<p>The tRNA that is always bound in the central most position in the ribosome and carries the growing polypeptide chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases of translation, and what happens during the elongation phase?

<p>The three phases of translation are initiation, elongation, and termination. During the elongation phase, iterated rounds of amino acid addition occur, resulting in the growing polypeptide chain. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, and incoming tRNAs with new amino acids are added to the A site, forming peptide bonds with the previous amino acid in the chain. The tRNA in the P site then moves to the E site and exits the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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