Questions and Answers
What are the steps of protein synthesis?
What are the steps of transcription?
DNA unzips, RNA polymerase reads and builds mRNA strand, entire DNA segment is copied into mRNA which leaves the nucleus.
What are the steps of translation?
mRNA strand attaches to ribosome, tRNA decodes every three nucleotides and transfers amino acids, amino acids bond together to create amino acid chain.
What are the nucleotides in mRNA?
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What is the purpose of transcription?
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What is the purpose of translation?
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How are DNA and mRNA alike?
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How are DNA and mRNA different?
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Why is mRNA smaller than DNA?
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How many strands of mRNA are transcribed from the two 'unzipped' strands of DNA?
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Where does transcription take place?
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Where does translation take place?
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What are the three types of RNA?
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What is located at the end of each tRNA molecule?
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How many bases are needed to specify a mRNA codon?
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How does mRNA leave the nucleus?
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What is the difference between amino acids and proteins?
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Study Notes
Protein Synthesis Overview
- Protein synthesis consists of two main steps: transcription and translation.
Steps of Transcription
- DNA unzips to expose the gene sequence.
- RNA polymerase synthesizes an mRNA strand by reading the DNA template.
- Full DNA segment is transcribed into mRNA, which exits the nucleus.
Steps of Translation
- mRNA binds to a ribosome, where translation occurs.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) translates sequences of three nucleotides (codons) into corresponding amino acids.
- Amino acids link together to form a polypeptide chain, ultimately folding into a functional protein.
Nucleotides in mRNA
- mRNA consists of four nucleotides: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Uracil (U).
- Pairing: A pairs with U, and C pairs with G.
Purpose of Transcription
- Transcription converts DNA into mRNA, allowing the genetic information to be transported from the nucleus.
Purpose of Translation
- Translation interprets mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids, forming proteins.
Similarities Between DNA and mRNA
- Both molecules contain genetic information necessary for cellular functions.
Differences Between DNA and mRNA
- mRNA is single-stranded, shorter, and capable of leaving the nucleus, whereas DNA is double-stranded and remains in the nucleus.
Size Comparison
- mRNA is smaller than DNA to facilitate its exit from the nucleus.
mRNA Transcription from DNA
- One mRNA strand is transcribed from the two unzipped strands of DNA.
Location of Transcription
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell.
Location of Translation
- Translation takes place in ribosomes.
Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries genetic information from DNA.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA): translates mRNA codons into amino acids.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): forms the core structural and functional components of ribosomes.
Components of tRNA
- Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon at one end, which corresponds to a specific amino acid.
mRNA Codons
- A codon is specified by three nucleotide bases in the mRNA sequence.
mRNA Exit from Nucleus
- mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores.
Comparison of Amino Acids and Proteins
- Amino acids serve as the building blocks of proteins, linking together to form complex structures.
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Description
Explore the crucial steps involved in protein synthesis with these flashcards. Learn about transcription and translation processes and their key components. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of molecular biology.
