Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary structure of the human growth hormone (hGH)?
What is the primary structure of the human growth hormone (hGH)?
Which amino acid is the principle site of deamidation in alkaline pH for hGH?
Which amino acid is the principle site of deamidation in alkaline pH for hGH?
Which amino acid undergoes major oxidative site at methionine residue for hGH?
Which amino acid undergoes major oxidative site at methionine residue for hGH?
Where does deamidated hGH occur inside our bodies?
Where does deamidated hGH occur inside our bodies?
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Which technique can counteract hGH aggregation due to hydrophobic interactions when unfolded?
Which technique can counteract hGH aggregation due to hydrophobic interactions when unfolded?
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How do sugar and glycine stabilize proteins in liquid state?
How do sugar and glycine stabilize proteins in liquid state?
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What is the purpose of refrigerating reconstituted hGH?
What is the purpose of refrigerating reconstituted hGH?
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What is the key step in freeze-drying process to produce proteins in a dry form?
What is the key step in freeze-drying process to produce proteins in a dry form?
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How can phosphate buffers impact pH during freezing?
How can phosphate buffers impact pH during freezing?
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What can low temperature and dehydration during freezing and drying cause to proteins?
What can low temperature and dehydration during freezing and drying cause to proteins?
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What is the purpose of spray drying in producing inhalable insulin powder?
What is the purpose of spray drying in producing inhalable insulin powder?
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What factors impact the dry capacity of gas in spray drying?
What factors impact the dry capacity of gas in spray drying?
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How do high temperature and low humidity affect the drying rate in spray drying?
How do high temperature and low humidity affect the drying rate in spray drying?
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What is the likely outcome to the residual water content in the powder using a drying gas with high temperature and low humidity at a high aspirator flow?
What is the likely outcome to the residual water content in the powder using a drying gas with high temperature and low humidity at a high aspirator flow?
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What method can be used to detect aggregation in proteins?
What method can be used to detect aggregation in proteins?
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Which spectroscopic method provides insights into aromatic residues, disulfide bonds, and tertiary structures?
Which spectroscopic method provides insights into aromatic residues, disulfide bonds, and tertiary structures?
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Which method separates molecules according to charge?
Which method separates molecules according to charge?
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What does increasing aspirator flow lead to in terms of cyclone efficiency to collect powder?
What does increasing aspirator flow lead to in terms of cyclone efficiency to collect powder?
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What is the likely outcome of decreasing liquid feed rate in terms of drying speed?
What is the likely outcome of decreasing liquid feed rate in terms of drying speed?
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What information does Far UV CD (190-240nm) reveal about proteins?
What information does Far UV CD (190-240nm) reveal about proteins?
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What does high spray gas flow (atomizing pressure) lead to in terms of powder fineness?
What does high spray gas flow (atomizing pressure) lead to in terms of powder fineness?
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What does a higher solid concentration in liquid lead to after evaporation of the liquid?
What does a higher solid concentration in liquid lead to after evaporation of the liquid?
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What method separates molecules according to size?
What method separates molecules according to size?
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What does Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy focus on?
What does Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy focus on?
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What is the likely outcome of using a drying gas with low humidity for powder drying?
What is the likely outcome of using a drying gas with low humidity for powder drying?
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Study Notes
Protein Stabilization and Formulation Techniques
- Proteins, including hGH, can aggregate due to hydrophobic interactions when unfolded.
- Zn binding sites and surfactants like polysorbate-20 can counteract hGH aggregation.
- Sugar and glycine stabilize proteins in liquid state by interacting with water.
- Amorphous sugar states can trap proteins, stabilizing the formulation through glass stabilization.
- Reconstituted hGH should be refrigerated to prevent concentration-induced aggregation.
- Freeze-drying involves creating a vacuum, freezing, and evaporating water to produce proteins in a dry form.
- Phosphate buffers can impact pH due to lower solubility at lower temperatures.
- Phosphate buffers can affect the stability of molecules during freezing.
- Low temperature and dehydration during freezing and drying can cause protein degradation.
- Spray drying is a one-step process to turn liquid into powder, used for producing inhalable insulin powder.
- Controlling factors for spray drying include inlet temperature, drying gas humidity, and aspirator air flow.
- High temperature and low humidity increase the dry capacity of gas, increasing liquid evaporation and drying rate.
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Description
Test your knowledge of protein stabilization and formulation techniques with this quiz. Learn about methods to prevent protein aggregation, the role of surfactants and sugars in stabilizing proteins, and the processes of freeze-drying and spray drying. Understand the impact of temperature, humidity, and buffers on protein stability and formulation.
