Questions and Answers
What are the essential processes for the proper functioning of cells?
Protein sorting and transport
Where are proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes
What are the two main types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Rough ER and smooth ER
What is responsible for catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds in ribosomes?
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What is responsible for binding to the mRNA and ensuring that the correct amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain in ribosomes?
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What is the main function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
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What is responsible for the synthesis of lipids in the cell?
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Where are ribosomes found in the cell?
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What is the composition of ribosomes?
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What are the proteins inserted into during their synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
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What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) look like under a microscope?
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What are responsible for the folding and processing of proteins in the cell?
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What are signal sequences and how are they involved in targeting proteins to the ER?
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What is the role of the translocon in the ER?
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Describe the process of protein folding in the ER.
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What are some of the functions of the enzymes found in the ER?
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What is the function of the smooth ER?
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Explain the role of transport vesicles in the export of proteins and lipids from the ER.
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What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?
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What is protein glycosylation and why is it important?
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How are proteins sorted in the Golgi apparatus?
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What are lysosomes and what do they contain?
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Where are transport vesicles that form lysosomes derived from?
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What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membranes?
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Explain the function of ion channel-linked receptors and how they are activated.
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What are the functions of cell surface receptors?
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Differentiate between nuclear receptors and cytoplasmic receptors. Where are they located and what do they bind to?
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Describe the steps in the cAMP pathway.
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What factors regulate the cAMP pathway?
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Why is the cAMP pathway important?
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What is cell signaling and why is it essential for cells and organisms?
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What are signaling molecules and how do they communicate with other cells?
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What are the different types of cell signaling and how do they differ?
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What are receptors and where are they located?
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What are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and how do they function in cell signaling?
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What are tyrosine kinase-linked receptors (TKs) and how do they initiate signaling?
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What are the main types of signaling molecules, and give examples of each type?
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Explain the role of G proteins in cell signaling.
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How do tyrosine kinase-linked receptors (TKs) differ from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in initiating cellular responses?
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What are the functions of signaling molecules in cell communication, and why are they important?
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Describe the process of cell communication in autocrine signaling and provide an example of an autocrine signaling molecule.
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Compare and contrast the roles of juxtacrine and paracrine signaling in cell communication.
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