TMH Lec 2
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a building block of DNA?

  • Ribonucleotides (correct)
  • Phosphoric acid
  • Sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Base

    • Which of the following is a pyrimidine base found in DNA?

  • Cytosine
  • Thymine (correct)
  • Adenine
  • Guanine

    • How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine in DNA?

  • Two (correct)
  • One
  • Three
  • Four

    • Which scientist is credited with analyzing the purine and pyrimidine base content in DNA?

    <p>Erwin Chargaff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction does DNA replication occur?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading strand in DNA replication?

    <p>The DNA daughter strand that is synthesized continuously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lagging strand in DNA replication?

    <p>The DNA daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Okazaki fragments?

    <p>Short DNA molecules synthesized on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about DNA replication?

    <p>DNA replication occurs at a very fast rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of DNA helix?

    <p>C-DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the double-helix model of DNA structure?

    <p>Maurice Wilkins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA replication?

    <p>Ribonucleic acid (RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of protein glycosylation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most complex post-translational modification?

    <p>Protein glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which residues are phosphorylated in bacteria?

    <p>Histidines, aspartates, and tyrosines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genome?

    <p>A cell's complete set of hereditary information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the genetic code?

    <p>The code is flexible at the 2nd base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a ribosome binding site (RBS)?

    <p>To initiate translation in prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of post-translational modifications?

    <p>To regulate the activities of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of extreme lack of protein on the body?

    <p>It leads to swelling of the ankles and feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genome project was the first to be published?

    <p>Bacteriophage Φ-X174</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the Human Genome Project?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chapters (chromosomes) are there in the human genome?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe the human genome stored on DNA?

    <p>Instructions stored in a book</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the Human Genome Project declared complete?

    <p>2003</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of genome sizes in living organisms?

    <p>Wide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about tRNAs?

    <p>tRNAs have an anticodon loop that pairs with three basepairs (codon) in the mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of the phosphodiester bonds that link the nucleotides together to form a linear chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is alternative splicing?

    <p>Alternative splicing is the process of including particular exons within or excluding them from the final mRNA transcript.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main categories of protein functions?

    <p>Structural proteins, catalytic proteins, transport proteins, regulatory proteins, and protective proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about agarose gels used in DNA electrophoresis?

    <p>Agarose gels are prone to syneresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA loading dye in agarose gel electrophoresis?

    <p>To visualize DNA migration during electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a safer alternative to ethidium bromide for DNA visualization?

    <p>SYBR Safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Joule heating be minimized in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Run the experiment in a temperature controlled environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about coomassie dye staining?

    <p>Coomassie dye staining can be used for analysis by mass spectrometry or sequencing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most sensitive colorimetric method for detecting total protein?

    <p>Silver staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH at which an amino acid exhibits no net charge called?

    <p>Isoelectric point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a pH gradient achieved in isoelectric focusing?

    <p>By using carrier ampholytes and immobilized pH gradients together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biochemist was a pioneer in electrophoresis and also served as the President of the Nobel Foundation?

    <p>Ferdinand Frederic Reuss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the speed of movement during electrophoresis?

    <p>The molecular weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is electrophoresis?

    <p>The movement of particles through a fluid due to the application of a spatially uniform electric field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of electrophoretic methods?

    <p>To separate and quantitate biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the electroosmotic velocity ($v_{eo}$) in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>$v_{eo} = \mu_{ep} + \mu_{eo}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common gel media used in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Agarose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gel electrophoresis is true?

    <p>Only analytes with a net charge can be separated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT influenced by the electrophoretic motion and the electroosmotic flow in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Uncharged solute ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors governs the efficiency of an electrophoretic separation?

    <p>The electrophoretic mobility of the analytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the drift velocity of a charged particle in a gas or liquid?

    <p>$vd = \mu_{ep}E$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the mobility of a charged particle?

    <p>$\mu_{ep} = \frac{q},{f}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the drag force experienced by a sphere traveling through a viscous liquid according to Stokes' law?

    <p>$FD = fvd = (6\pi \eta R)vd$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about SDS-PAGE?

    <p>Proteins are separated based on their size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the stacking gel in SDS-PAGE?

    <p>To align proteins in a sharp band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TEMED in SDS-PAGE gel preparation?

    <p>To initiate the polymerization of acrylamide into chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Coomassie Blue in SDS-PAGE gel visualization?

    <p>To bind or react with the proteins and allow visualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about immobilized pH gradients (IPG)?

    <p>The pH depends on the ratio of the two immobilines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels for isoelectric focusing?

    <p>The protein sample can be applied immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

    <p>A technique to separate proteins based on both size and charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

    <p>It allows separation of proteins based on both size and charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be compared using 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

    <p>Protein maps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

    <p>To compare protein expression patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors determines the speed of movement during electrophoresis?

    <p>The molecular weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of electrophoresis?

    <p>Fundamental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the mobility of a charged particle during electrophoresis?

    <p>$v_{eo} = \frac{q},{m}E$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gel electrophoresis is true?

    <p>Small DNA fragments migrate faster than larger DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the stacking gel in SDS-PAGE?

    <p>To align proteins in a sharp band at the starting line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

    <p>To compare protein expression between different samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about coomassie dye staining?

    <p>Coomassie dye stains proteins in SDS-PAGE gels as blue bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most sensitive colorimetric method for detecting total protein?

    <p>Silver staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of carrier ampholytes in isoelectric focusing?

    <p>To stabilize the pH gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of carrier ampholytes in isoelectric focusing?

    <p>They break down when the electric field is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde in silver staining?

    <p>To reduce silver ions to metallic silver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about immobilized pH gradients (IPG) is true?

    <p>Proteins can be separated based on their isoelectric point (pI) using IPG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using immobilized pH gradient gels in isoelectric focusing?

    <p>The pH gradient buffers are immobilized within the gel matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 2D gel electrophoresis?

    <p>To compare protein maps between different samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about agarose gels used in DNA electrophoresis?

    <p>Agarose gels are prone to syneresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA loading dye in agarose gel electrophoresis?

    <p>To visualize DNA migration during electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Joule heating in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Q = I^2R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)?

    <p>To separate large DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the zeta potential in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>The zeta potential is the potential at the slipping plane or the boundary of the diffuse layer and the bulk solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the apparent mobility (µ) in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>µ = µep + µeo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the movement of solute ions in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Positively-charged solute ions move faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the gel in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>To act as a molecular sieve and retard the migrating molecules according to their size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Stokes' law, the drag force experienced by a perfect sphere traveling through a viscous liquid is proportional to the frictional coefficient and the drift velocity. Which of the following equations represents Stokes' law?

    <p>$FD = (6\pi\eta R)vd$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the electric double layer is true?

    <p>The coions in the fixed layer are present at a higher concentration, while those in the diffuse layer are present at a lower concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations represents the formula for the mobility of a charged particle?

    <p>$\mu_{ep} = qE$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the units of mobility?

    <p>$m^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

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