TMH Lec 2

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a building block of DNA?

  • Ribonucleotides (correct)
  • Phosphoric acid
  • Sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Base

Which of the following is a pyrimidine base found in DNA?

  • Cytosine
  • Thymine (correct)
  • Adenine
  • Guanine

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine in DNA?

  • Two (correct)
  • One
  • Three
  • Four

Which scientist is credited with analyzing the purine and pyrimidine base content in DNA?

<p>Erwin Chargaff (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which direction does DNA replication occur?

<p>5' to 3' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading strand in DNA replication?

<p>The DNA daughter strand that is synthesized continuously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lagging strand in DNA replication?

<p>The DNA daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Okazaki fragments?

<p>Short DNA molecules synthesized on the lagging strand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about DNA replication?

<p>DNA replication occurs at a very fast rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of DNA helix?

<p>C-DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the double-helix model of DNA structure?

<p>Maurice Wilkins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA replication?

<p>Ribonucleic acid (RNA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of protein glycosylation?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most complex post-translational modification?

<p>Protein glycosylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which residues are phosphorylated in bacteria?

<p>Histidines, aspartates, and tyrosines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genome?

<p>A cell's complete set of hereditary information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the genetic code?

<p>The code is flexible at the 2nd base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a ribosome binding site (RBS)?

<p>To initiate translation in prokaryotes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of post-translational modifications?

<p>To regulate the activities of proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of extreme lack of protein on the body?

<p>It leads to swelling of the ankles and feet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genome project was the first to be published?

<p>Bacteriophage Φ-X174 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the Human Genome Project?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chapters (chromosomes) are there in the human genome?

<p>23 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the analogy used to describe the human genome stored on DNA?

<p>Instructions stored in a book (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Human Genome Project declared complete?

<p>2003 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of genome sizes in living organisms?

<p>Wide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about tRNAs?

<p>tRNAs have an anticodon loop that pairs with three basepairs (codon) in the mRNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

<p>RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of the phosphodiester bonds that link the nucleotides together to form a linear chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is alternative splicing?

<p>Alternative splicing is the process of including particular exons within or excluding them from the final mRNA transcript. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main categories of protein functions?

<p>Structural proteins, catalytic proteins, transport proteins, regulatory proteins, and protective proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about agarose gels used in DNA electrophoresis?

<p>Agarose gels are prone to syneresis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA loading dye in agarose gel electrophoresis?

<p>To visualize DNA migration during electrophoresis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a safer alternative to ethidium bromide for DNA visualization?

<p>SYBR Safe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Joule heating be minimized in gel electrophoresis?

<p>Run the experiment in a temperature controlled environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about coomassie dye staining?

<p>Coomassie dye staining can be used for analysis by mass spectrometry or sequencing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most sensitive colorimetric method for detecting total protein?

<p>Silver staining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH at which an amino acid exhibits no net charge called?

<p>Isoelectric point (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a pH gradient achieved in isoelectric focusing?

<p>By using carrier ampholytes and immobilized pH gradients together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biochemist was a pioneer in electrophoresis and also served as the President of the Nobel Foundation?

<p>Ferdinand Frederic Reuss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the speed of movement during electrophoresis?

<p>The molecular weight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is electrophoresis?

<p>The movement of particles through a fluid due to the application of a spatially uniform electric field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of electrophoretic methods?

<p>To separate and quantitate biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the electroosmotic velocity ($v_{eo}$) in gel electrophoresis?

<p>$v_{eo} = \mu_{ep} + \mu_{eo}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common gel media used in gel electrophoresis?

<p>Agarose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gel electrophoresis is true?

<p>Only analytes with a net charge can be separated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT influenced by the electrophoretic motion and the electroosmotic flow in gel electrophoresis?

<p>Uncharged solute ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors governs the efficiency of an electrophoretic separation?

<p>The electrophoretic mobility of the analytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the drift velocity of a charged particle in a gas or liquid?

<p>$vd = \mu_{ep}E$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the mobility of a charged particle?

<p>$\mu_{ep} = \frac{q},{f}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the drag force experienced by a sphere traveling through a viscous liquid according to Stokes' law?

<p>$FD = fvd = (6\pi \eta R)vd$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about SDS-PAGE?

<p>Proteins are separated based on their size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the stacking gel in SDS-PAGE?

<p>To align proteins in a sharp band (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TEMED in SDS-PAGE gel preparation?

<p>To initiate the polymerization of acrylamide into chains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Coomassie Blue in SDS-PAGE gel visualization?

<p>To bind or react with the proteins and allow visualization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about immobilized pH gradients (IPG)?

<p>The pH depends on the ratio of the two immobilines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels for isoelectric focusing?

<p>The protein sample can be applied immediately. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

<p>A technique to separate proteins based on both size and charge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

<p>It allows separation of proteins based on both size and charge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be compared using 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

<p>Protein maps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main application of 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

<p>To compare protein expression patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors determines the speed of movement during electrophoresis?

<p>The molecular weight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main application of electrophoresis?

<p>Fundamental research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the mobility of a charged particle during electrophoresis?

<p>$v_{eo} = \frac{q},{m}E$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gel electrophoresis is true?

<p>Small DNA fragments migrate faster than larger DNA fragments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the stacking gel in SDS-PAGE?

<p>To align proteins in a sharp band at the starting line (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main application of 2D Gel Electrophoresis?

<p>To compare protein expression between different samples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about coomassie dye staining?

<p>Coomassie dye stains proteins in SDS-PAGE gels as blue bands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most sensitive colorimetric method for detecting total protein?

<p>Silver staining (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of carrier ampholytes in isoelectric focusing?

<p>To stabilize the pH gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of carrier ampholytes in isoelectric focusing?

<p>They break down when the electric field is removed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde in silver staining?

<p>To reduce silver ions to metallic silver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about immobilized pH gradients (IPG) is true?

<p>Proteins can be separated based on their isoelectric point (pI) using IPG. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using immobilized pH gradient gels in isoelectric focusing?

<p>The pH gradient buffers are immobilized within the gel matrix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 2D gel electrophoresis?

<p>To compare protein maps between different samples. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about agarose gels used in DNA electrophoresis?

<p>Agarose gels are prone to syneresis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA loading dye in agarose gel electrophoresis?

<p>To visualize DNA migration during electrophoresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Joule heating in gel electrophoresis?

<p>Q = I^2R (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)?

<p>To separate large DNA molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the zeta potential in gel electrophoresis?

<p>The zeta potential is the potential at the slipping plane or the boundary of the diffuse layer and the bulk solution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the apparent mobility (µ) in gel electrophoresis?

<p>µ = µep + µeo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the movement of solute ions in gel electrophoresis?

<p>Positively-charged solute ions move faster. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the gel in gel electrophoresis?

<p>To act as a molecular sieve and retard the migrating molecules according to their size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Stokes' law, the drag force experienced by a perfect sphere traveling through a viscous liquid is proportional to the frictional coefficient and the drift velocity. Which of the following equations represents Stokes' law?

<p>$FD = (6\pi\eta R)vd$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the electric double layer is true?

<p>The coions in the fixed layer are present at a higher concentration, while those in the diffuse layer are present at a lower concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents the formula for the mobility of a charged particle?

<p>$\mu_{ep} = qE$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the units of mobility?

<p>$m^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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