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Questions and Answers
What is the main reason excess amino acids can be challenging for mammalian metabolism?
What is the main reason excess amino acids can be challenging for mammalian metabolism?
Which part of the body is responsible for converting amino acid carbon skeletons into intermediates of the Krebs cycle for energy production?
Which part of the body is responsible for converting amino acid carbon skeletons into intermediates of the Krebs cycle for energy production?
Which enzyme in the small intestine is responsible for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides?
Which enzyme in the small intestine is responsible for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides?
During which conditions are amino acids primarily used for energy production?
During which conditions are amino acids primarily used for energy production?
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Where are peptidases found in the body?
Where are peptidases found in the body?
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What is the fate of ammonia produced from amino acid degradation in mammalian metabolism?
What is the fate of ammonia produced from amino acid degradation in mammalian metabolism?
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Which biological role do amino acids play in immune function?
Which biological role do amino acids play in immune function?
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What happens to amino acids during dietary protein excess?
What happens to amino acids during dietary protein excess?
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Which enzymes are responsible for the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides by cleaving peptide bonds?
Which enzymes are responsible for the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides by cleaving peptide bonds?
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What is the primary fate of amino acids under conditions of fasting or starvation when carbohydrates are not available?
What is the primary fate of amino acids under conditions of fasting or starvation when carbohydrates are not available?
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What role do amino acids play as precursors in biological processes?
What role do amino acids play as precursors in biological processes?
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What is the purpose of a zymogen in enzyme regulation?
What is the purpose of a zymogen in enzyme regulation?
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In the context of amino groups, what is the role of α-ketoglutarate?
In the context of amino groups, what is the role of α-ketoglutarate?
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What distinguishes transamination from oxidative deamination in amino acid metabolism?
What distinguishes transamination from oxidative deamination in amino acid metabolism?
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How is ammonia primarily transported to the liver for detoxification?
How is ammonia primarily transported to the liver for detoxification?
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Which best describes the physiological function of the Glucose-Alanine Cycle?
Which best describes the physiological function of the Glucose-Alanine Cycle?
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What is a characteristic excretory form of nitrogen in birds and reptiles?
What is a characteristic excretory form of nitrogen in birds and reptiles?
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What reaction is catalyzed by alanine transaminase?
What reaction is catalyzed by alanine transaminase?
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How is the urea cycle related to the citric acid cycle?
How is the urea cycle related to the citric acid cycle?
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What activates carbamoyl phosphate synthase I, a key enzyme in the urea cycle?
What activates carbamoyl phosphate synthase I, a key enzyme in the urea cycle?
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Which category of amino acids can lead to ketone body formation during degradation?
Which category of amino acids can lead to ketone body formation during degradation?
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What can a carbon skeleton with 3 carbons from an amino acid be converted into?
What can a carbon skeleton with 3 carbons from an amino acid be converted into?
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What metabolite can glycine contribute to during its degradation through the glycine cleavage system?
What metabolite can glycine contribute to during its degradation through the glycine cleavage system?
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Which enzyme is responsible for converting acyl-CoA to trans-enoyl-CoA during β-oxidation of fatty acids?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting acyl-CoA to trans-enoyl-CoA during β-oxidation of fatty acids?
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What is the role of carnitine in the β-oxidation of fatty acids?
What is the role of carnitine in the β-oxidation of fatty acids?
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What is produced at the end of the β-oxidation cycle of fatty acids?
What is produced at the end of the β-oxidation cycle of fatty acids?
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Which enzyme is involved in converting L-β-hydroxyacyl-CoA to β-ketoacyl-CoA?
Which enzyme is involved in converting L-β-hydroxyacyl-CoA to β-ketoacyl-CoA?
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During β-oxidation of fatty acids, what does β-ketothiolase do?
During β-oxidation of fatty acids, what does β-ketothiolase do?
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What is the function of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase II during β-oxidation?
What is the function of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase II during β-oxidation?
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Which molecule is NOT a product of the β-oxidation cycle of fatty acids?
Which molecule is NOT a product of the β-oxidation cycle of fatty acids?
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Which molecule inhibits fatty acid entry into mitochondria for beta-oxidation by inhibiting CPT I?
Which molecule inhibits fatty acid entry into mitochondria for beta-oxidation by inhibiting CPT I?
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Where does fatty acid synthesis primarily occur?
Where does fatty acid synthesis primarily occur?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of palmitate from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA?
Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of palmitate from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA?
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In fatty acid synthesis, what provides the required NADPH?
In fatty acid synthesis, what provides the required NADPH?
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Which molecule regulates Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) that converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA?
Which molecule regulates Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) that converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA?
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During periods of low carbohydrate availability, acetyl-CoA is converted to which compound in the liver?
During periods of low carbohydrate availability, acetyl-CoA is converted to which compound in the liver?
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'Ketone bodies serve as an alternative energy source for peripheral tissues' is particularly true during which physiological state?
'Ketone bodies serve as an alternative energy source for peripheral tissues' is particularly true during which physiological state?
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'Ketoacidosis' is a serious condition that can occur due to overproduction of which compounds?
'Ketoacidosis' is a serious condition that can occur due to overproduction of which compounds?
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Which enzyme converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins during eicosanoid synthesis?
Which enzyme converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins during eicosanoid synthesis?
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Where are steroids synthesized from cholesterol?
Where are steroids synthesized from cholesterol?
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What is the key early step in cholesterol synthesis that is a major regulatory point?
What is the key early step in cholesterol synthesis that is a major regulatory point?
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What is the specific role of carnitine in the β-oxidation of fatty acids?
What is the specific role of carnitine in the β-oxidation of fatty acids?
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Which enzyme is responsible for converting L-β-hydroxyacyl-CoA to β-ketoacyl-CoA in the β-oxidation of fatty acids?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting L-β-hydroxyacyl-CoA to β-ketoacyl-CoA in the β-oxidation of fatty acids?
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What is produced during thiolysis in the β-oxidation cycle of fatty acids?
What is produced during thiolysis in the β-oxidation cycle of fatty acids?
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In the final cycle of β-oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbons, how many propionyl-CoA molecules are produced?
In the final cycle of β-oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbons, how many propionyl-CoA molecules are produced?
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Which enzyme adds water across the double bond in the β-oxidation of fatty acids?
Which enzyme adds water across the double bond in the β-oxidation of fatty acids?
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During β-oxidation, what is the role of FAD-dependent acyl-CoA dehydrogenase?
During β-oxidation, what is the role of FAD-dependent acyl-CoA dehydrogenase?
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What is the primary fate of ketone bodies in the body during fasting or carbohydrate-restricted diets?
What is the primary fate of ketone bodies in the body during fasting or carbohydrate-restricted diets?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid during eicosanoid synthesis?
Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid during eicosanoid synthesis?
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What is the key early step in cholesterol synthesis that serves as a major regulatory point?
What is the key early step in cholesterol synthesis that serves as a major regulatory point?
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What role does malonyl-CoA play in regulating fatty acid metabolism?
What role does malonyl-CoA play in regulating fatty acid metabolism?
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Where does eicosanoid synthesis primarily occur within the cell?
Where does eicosanoid synthesis primarily occur within the cell?
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During which condition do glucagon and epinephrine decrease the activity of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC), reducing fatty acid synthesis?
During which condition do glucagon and epinephrine decrease the activity of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC), reducing fatty acid synthesis?
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What is the primary electron donor required for fatty acid synthesis?
What is the primary electron donor required for fatty acid synthesis?
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Which molecule is released from phospholipids by PLA2 during eicosanoid synthesis?
Which molecule is released from phospholipids by PLA2 during eicosanoid synthesis?
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What is the consequence of overproduction of ketone bodies leading to high blood acidity?
What is the consequence of overproduction of ketone bodies leading to high blood acidity?
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What is the primary energy source for peripheral tissues, including the brain, during fasting or carbohydrate-restricted diets?
What is the primary energy source for peripheral tissues, including the brain, during fasting or carbohydrate-restricted diets?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetate and other ketone bodies in the liver?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetate and other ketone bodies in the liver?
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Which compound holds the growing fatty acid chain during fatty acid synthesis?
Which compound holds the growing fatty acid chain during fatty acid synthesis?
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