Protein and DNA Structure Quiz

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein chain, determined by the polypeptide bonds between them.

The local folding patterns of the polypeptide chain, formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids. Common structures include alpha helixes and beta sheets.

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein complex, stabilized by various noncovalent interactions like hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces.

The primary structure of a protein, consisting of a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Common secondary structures of proteins formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids. Alpha helixes are spiral-shaped, while beta sheets are flat, sheet-like structures.

A protein composed of four polypeptide subunits that transports oxygen in the blood, demonstrating quaternary structure.

The linear sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, determined by the phosphodiester bonds between them.

The double helix structure of DNA, formed by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases on two antiparallel strands.

The primary structure of DNA, consisting of a linear chain of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds.

The secondary structure of DNA, consisting of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds.

A highly organized structure of DNA, protein, and RNA, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, responsible for carrying genetic information.

A complex cellular structure composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, responsible for protein synthesis.

The progressive compaction of DNA from a linear chain to a highly condensed chromosome, involving multiple levels of organization with different mechanisms.

The basic unit of DNA packaging, consisting of a DNA segment wrapped around a histone octamer.

A higher level of DNA packing where nucleosomes are further condensed into a helical structure.

Specific DNA sequences that attach to the nuclear matrix, contributing to higher-order DNA organization.

One of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA, forming two hydrogen bonds with adenine.

Two nitrogenous bases found in DNA, forming three hydrogen bonds between them.

One of the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA, replacing thymine in DNA.

The covalent bond that links nucleotides together in a polynucleotide chain.

A weak noncovalent interaction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, important for the structure of DNA and proteins.

A network of interconnected membranes studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.

A network of interconnected membranes lacking ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and other metabolic processes.

A stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs involved in further processing, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids.

A membrane-bound organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes, responsible for intracellular digestion and recycling.

An enzyme found in lysosomes that breaks down lipids.

A protein found on the cell surface that binds insulin, triggering cellular responses to glucose regulation.

A protein that assembles into microtubules, involved in cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport.

A double-membrane-bound organelle responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration.

A special lipid found in the inner membrane of mitochondria, important for mitochondrial function.

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input.

The passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by the concentration gradient.

A transmembrane protein involved in active transport, pumping sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the electrochemical gradient.