Proteins 2

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What are the three major steps involved in post-transcriptional modification of RNA?

Addition of a 3' cap, splicing, removal of exons

Addition of a 5' cap, splicing, removal of exons (correct)

Addition of a 3' cap, removal of introns, joining of exons

Addition of a 5' cap, removal of introns, splicing

Which bases pair together in DNA according to the text?

Guanine - Adenine

Adenine - Thymine (correct)

Cytosine - Thymine

Adenine - Cytosine

What does the universal characteristic of the genetic code imply according to the text?

It varies across different species

It is conserved from early evolution stages (correct)

It has different triplet coding based on the organism

It is only conserved in mammals

What is the main function of a messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleotides pair together in RNA according to the text?

Adenine - Uracil Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process that removes non-coding sequences from pre-mRNA in post-transcriptional modification?

Splicing Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of cytosolic ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Synthesizing proteins for the nucleus, mitochondria, or peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins that are to be exported from the cell or placed in cell membranes?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?

Protein phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which post-translational modification can affect protein stability and protein-protein interactions?

Hydroxylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of O-glycosylation in the Golgi apparatus during protein synthesis?

Repacking proteins for delivery Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is associated with synthesizing proteins that are to be exported out of the cell?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of targeting signals in protein synthesis?

Help transport proteins to their correct destinations Signup and view all the answers

Which protein synthesis mutation results in a change of the amino acid coded by a specific codon?

Missense mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of sickle cell anemia in humans?

Single nucleotide substitution Signup and view all the answers

In which population does sickle cell anemia occur more frequently?

African American Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristic symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

Episodes of pain, chronic hemolytic anemia, & infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a nonsense mutation in protein synthesis?

Termination of translation prematurely Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GTP in protein synthesis?

Aids in the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which site of the ribosome is responsible for binding an incoming Aminoacyl-tRNA according to the codon?

A site Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Step 2 of protein synthesis?

Generation of the peptide bond in P-site Signup and view all the answers

What is needed for each peptide bond to guarantee translation during protein synthesis?

High-energy phosphate equivalents from GTP Signup and view all the answers

Which type of codons moves into the ribosome A site during termination in protein synthesis?

Stop codons Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which proteins are transported to appropriate destinations?

Protein Sorting Signup and view all the answers

Which type of modification involves adding a lipid to proteins to increase their binding affinity to biological membranes?

Protein Lipidation Signup and view all the answers

What post-translational modification involves adding a glycan group to proteins?

Glycosylation Signup and view all the answers

Which modification is responsible for the activation of trypsinogen into trypsin?

Acetylation Signup and view all the answers

What can errors in protein sorting lead to?

Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which post-translational modification involves the addition of a methyl group to proteins?

Methylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the A-site of the ribosome during protein synthesis?

Binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA according to the codon Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of GTP in protein synthesis?

Providing high-energy phosphate equivalents for each peptide bond Signup and view all the answers

During protein synthesis, what happens in the E-site of the ribosome?

Occupation by empty tRNA about to exit the ribosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of post-translational modifications in protein synthesis?

To fold polypeptides into active 3-dimensional forms Signup and view all the answers

In protein biosynthesis, what role do aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases play?

Activating amino acids for tRNA binding Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of STOP codons moving into the ribosomal A-site during protein synthesis termination?

Requiring high-energy phosphate equivalents for translation Signup and view all the answers

Where does the addition of a 3 poly-adenylation tail occur in eukaryote genomes?

In the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which component recognizes specific signal sequences in mRNA for regulating gene expression?

snRNP Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of a 5 cap on mRNA molecules?

Preventing mRNA degradation Signup and view all the answers

During protein biosynthesis, which step involves the addition of amino acids to the carboxyl end of the growing peptide chain?

Elongation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in protein biosynthesis?

Activate tRNA with specific amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation involves the deletion or insertion of 1 or 2 nucleotides in a codon?

Frame-shift mutations Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the removal of 'introns' from pre-mRNA?

Splice site mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of errors during DNA replication, such as those occurring during meiosis?

Protein and protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is responsible for causing damage to DNA, leading to spontaneous mutations?

Carcinogens & other toxins Signup and view all the answers

What specific amino acid change occurs in the β-globin protein due to a mutation (E22V)?

Glutamic acid to valine Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation occurs when the codon containing the changed base may code for a different amino acid?

Missense mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in relation to protein synthesis?

Performing O-Glycosylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of sickle cell anemia as described in the text?

Episodes of pain Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily associated with synthesizing proteins meant for export from the cell?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which protein synthesis mutation leads to the codon containing the changed base becoming a termination codon?

Nonsense mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phosphorylation in post-translational modifications of proteins?

Affecting protein-protein interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes to protein maturation by promoting folding and stabilizing proteins?

O-glycosylation Signup and view all the answers

In humans, what is the main cause of sickle cell anemia?

Single nucleotide substitution in the gene for beta-globin Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of a nonsense mutation in protein synthesis?

Altering the amino acid sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) in eukaryotic cells during protein synthesis?

Transfers ribosomes with polypeptides to the ER Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of targeting signals in protein synthesis?

Direct cellular transport for protein destination Signup and view all the answers

How does hydroxylation contribute to post-translational modifications of proteins?

Increases protein stability Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GTP in the process of protein synthesis?

Provides energy for the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA Signup and view all the answers

In protein translation, what does the P site of the ribosome primarily do?

Generates the peptide bond between amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which component guarantees translation during protein synthesis by helping form each peptide bond?

High-energy phosphate equivalents from CTP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the E site of the ribosome during protein synthesis?

Occupying the empty tRNA about to exit Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of folding and post-translational modifications (PTM) in protein synthesis?

Ensure polypeptides fold into active, 3-dimensional forms Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for binding an incoming Aminoacyl-tRNA according to the codon in the ribosome?

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?

Facilitating protein folding Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is associated with synthesizing proteins intended for export from the cell?

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of phosphorylation as a post-translational modification of proteins?

Promotes protein folding Signup and view all the answers

In protein biosynthesis, what is the function of hydroxylation as a post-translational modification?

Increases protein stability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a nonsense mutation during protein synthesis?

Premature termination of translation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of N-glycosylation in post-translational modifications?

Enhancing protein folding Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation involves a change in one amino acid of the β-globin protein from glutamic acid to valine (E22V)?

Point mutation Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation causes large-scale changes to proteins by either deleting or inserting 1 or 2 nucleotides?

Frame-shift mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which mutation type involves changes in 'introns' removal from pre-mRNA, resulting in aberrant protein production?

Splice site mutation Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for errors during DNA replication and damage to DNA by mutagens like radiation and carcinogens?

DNA mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is likely to lead to spontaneous mutations by causing DNA damage and mutations?

Errors during DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a newly synthesized protein?

Addition of a 5 cap Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes the genetic code as being nonoverlapping and commaless?

Nonoverlapping & commaless Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of sickle cell anemia in humans?

Replacement of adenine with guanine in DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 3 poly-adenylation tail in eukaryote genomes?

Enhancing stability during transcription Signup and view all the answers

In protein synthesis, what role does the splicing step during post-transcriptional modification involve?

Removal of non-coding sequences Signup and view all the answers

What type of nucleotides pair together in RNA?

Adenine-Uracil & Cytosine-Guanine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of protein sorting in the context of cell biology?

Targeting proteins to their appropriate destinations inside or outside of the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which post-translational modification involves adding an acetyl group to proteins as described in the text?

Methylation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of protein synthesis, how does lipidation impact proteins?

Enhances binding affinity to biological membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of errors in protein sorting within a cell?

Development of certain diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes to protein maturation by promoting proper folding and stability?

Trimming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of acetylation in post-translational modifications of proteins?

Regulates gene expression Signup and view all the answers

Proteins 2

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Questions and Answers

What are the three major steps involved in post-transcriptional modification of RNA?

Which bases pair together in DNA according to the text?

What does the universal characteristic of the genetic code imply according to the text?

What is the main function of a messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Which nucleotides pair together in RNA according to the text?

What is the term for the process that removes non-coding sequences from pre-mRNA in post-transcriptional modification?

What is the main role of cytosolic ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins that are to be exported from the cell or placed in cell membranes?

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?

Which post-translational modification can affect protein stability and protein-protein interactions?

What is the role of O-glycosylation in the Golgi apparatus during protein synthesis?

Which organelle is associated with synthesizing proteins that are to be exported out of the cell?

What is the function of targeting signals in protein synthesis?

Which protein synthesis mutation results in a change of the amino acid coded by a specific codon?

What is the main cause of sickle cell anemia in humans?

In which population does sickle cell anemia occur more frequently?

What are the characteristic symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

What is the consequence of a nonsense mutation in protein synthesis?

What is the role of GTP in protein synthesis?

Which site of the ribosome is responsible for binding an incoming Aminoacyl-tRNA according to the codon?

What happens in Step 2 of protein synthesis?

What is needed for each peptide bond to guarantee translation during protein synthesis?

Which type of codons moves into the ribosome A site during termination in protein synthesis?

What is the process by which proteins are transported to appropriate destinations?

Which type of modification involves adding a lipid to proteins to increase their binding affinity to biological membranes?

What post-translational modification involves adding a glycan group to proteins?

Which modification is responsible for the activation of trypsinogen into trypsin?

What can errors in protein sorting lead to?

Which post-translational modification involves the addition of a methyl group to proteins?

What is the main function of the A-site of the ribosome during protein synthesis?

What is the primary role of GTP in protein synthesis?

During protein synthesis, what happens in the E-site of the ribosome?

What is the purpose of post-translational modifications in protein synthesis?

In protein biosynthesis, what role do aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases play?

What are the consequences of STOP codons moving into the ribosomal A-site during protein synthesis termination?

Where does the addition of a 3 poly-adenylation tail occur in eukaryote genomes?

Which component recognizes specific signal sequences in mRNA for regulating gene expression?

What is the main role of a 5 cap on mRNA molecules?

During protein biosynthesis, which step involves the addition of amino acids to the carboxyl end of the growing peptide chain?

What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in protein biosynthesis?

What type of mutation involves the deletion or insertion of 1 or 2 nucleotides in a codon?

Which type of mutation involves the removal of 'introns' from pre-mRNA?

What is the consequence of errors during DNA replication, such as those occurring during meiosis?

Which factor is responsible for causing damage to DNA, leading to spontaneous mutations?

What specific amino acid change occurs in the β-globin protein due to a mutation (E22V)?

What type of mutation occurs when the codon containing the changed base may code for a different amino acid?

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in relation to protein synthesis?

What is the primary symptom of sickle cell anemia as described in the text?

Which organelle is primarily associated with synthesizing proteins meant for export from the cell?

Which protein synthesis mutation leads to the codon containing the changed base becoming a termination codon?

What is the role of phosphorylation in post-translational modifications of proteins?

Which process contributes to protein maturation by promoting folding and stabilizing proteins?

In humans, what is the main cause of sickle cell anemia?

What is the impact of a nonsense mutation in protein synthesis?

What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) in eukaryotic cells during protein synthesis?

What is the primary function of targeting signals in protein synthesis?

How does hydroxylation contribute to post-translational modifications of proteins?

What is the role of GTP in the process of protein synthesis?

In protein translation, what does the P site of the ribosome primarily do?

Which component guarantees translation during protein synthesis by helping form each peptide bond?

What is the primary role of the E site of the ribosome during protein synthesis?

What is the purpose of folding and post-translational modifications (PTM) in protein synthesis?

Which component is responsible for binding an incoming Aminoacyl-tRNA according to the codon in the ribosome?

What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?

Which organelle is associated with synthesizing proteins intended for export from the cell?

What is the consequence of phosphorylation as a post-translational modification of proteins?

In protein biosynthesis, what is the function of hydroxylation as a post-translational modification?

What is the primary consequence of a nonsense mutation during protein synthesis?

What is the primary function of N-glycosylation in post-translational modifications?

What type of mutation involves a change in one amino acid of the β-globin protein from glutamic acid to valine (E22V)?

What type of mutation causes large-scale changes to proteins by either deleting or inserting 1 or 2 nucleotides?

Which mutation type involves changes in 'introns' removal from pre-mRNA, resulting in aberrant protein production?

What process is responsible for errors during DNA replication and damage to DNA by mutagens like radiation and carcinogens?

Which factor is likely to lead to spontaneous mutations by causing DNA damage and mutations?

What is the outcome of a newly synthesized protein?

Which characteristic describes the genetic code as being nonoverlapping and commaless?