DNA Structure and Protein Synthesis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the molecule that stores genetic information?

DNA

What is the structure made of tightly packed DNA and proteins that contains many genes?

Chromosome

What type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm?

mRNA (messenger RNA)

What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

<p>tRNA (transfer RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA called?

<p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of translating mRNA into proteins called?

<p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a segment of DNA that provides instructions to make a specific protein or determine a particular trait?

<p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complete set of an organism's DNA, including all its genes and non-coding sequences?

<p>Genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic makeup of an organism?

<p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a version of a gene that codes for specific traits?

<p>Allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for an organism to be homozygous for a particular gene?

<p>Homozygous means having two identical alleles of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an organism that makes its own food?

<p>Autotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an organism that cannot make its own food and consumes other organisms?

<p>Heterotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins that help pack and organize DNA into chromosomes?

<p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a cell to be haploid?

<p>Haploid means a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the organelle responsible for producing energy for the cell by breaking down glucose and oxygen during cellular respiration?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme that helps copy DNA during replication, ensuring accuracy for cell division?

<p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme that creates RNA from a DNA template, and what is its role in the cell?

<p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a homolog in genetics?

<p>A homolog is one of a pair of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fertilized egg called?

<p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of cell division that produces four unique gametes?

<p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of cell division that produces two identical cells?

<p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell's control center where DNA is stored?

<p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a small structure in the cell that builds proteins by reading mRNA and linking amino acids together during translation?

<p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele that always shows its trait if one copy is present?

<p>Dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele that only shows its trait if two copies are present?

<p>Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process during meiosis where DNA is exchanged between homologous chromosomes, creating new combinations of genes?

<p>Genetic Recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA is a double helix.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes are located in the cytoplasm.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

MRNA is a type of protein.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

TRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Translation is the process of copying DNA to RNA.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gene is a sequence of RNA that codes for a specific protein.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genome is the complete set of an organism's RNA.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genotype describes the physical traits of an organism.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

An allele is a specific version of a gene.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A homozygous individual has two different alleles for a gene.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autotrophs cannot make their own food.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heterotrophs are also known as producers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Histones are molecules of DNA.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haploid cells have two sets of chromosomes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most body cells are haploid.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are the 'powerhouses' of the cell.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA polymerase is involved in the process of transcription.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA polymerase creates DNA from an RNA template.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homologs are genes that evolved from a common ancestor.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A zygote is a fertilized egg.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in the production of four identical daughter cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces haploid cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus is the control center of the cell where ribosomes are stored.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ribosome is a small structure in the cell responsible for building proteins.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dominant allele masks the expression of a recessive allele.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A recessive allele only expresses its trait if two copies are present.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic recombination is a process that reduces genetic diversity in offspring.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA Structure and Function

  • DNA: Molecule storing genetic information.
  • Chromosome: Structure of tightly packed DNA and proteins, containing genes; found in the nucleus, organizing and storing genetic information.
  • Gene: Segment of DNA that instructs protein or trait formation.
  • Genome: Complete set of an organism's DNA, including genes and non-coding sequences.
  • Genotype: Genetic makeup (e.g., BB, Bb, bb) of an organism.
  • Allele: Version of a gene that dictates a trait.
  • Homozygous: Two identical alleles (e.g., AA or aa).
  • Heterozygous: Two different alleles (e.g., Aa).

Protein Synthesis

  • mRNA (messenger RNA): Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  • tRNA (transfer RNA): Transports amino acids to ribosomes during translation.
  • Transcription: DNA to mRNA.
  • Translation: mRNA to proteins.
  • Ribosome: Cell structure that builds proteins by reading mRNA and connecting amino acids.

Cellular Processes and Genetics

  • Autotroph: Organism producing its own food.
  • Heterotroph: Organism consuming other organisms for food.
  • Histones: Proteins packaging and organizing DNA into chromosomes.
  • Haploid: Cell with half the usual number of chromosomes.
  • Diploid: Cell with two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
  • Mitochondria: Cell organelle producing energy through cellular respiration.
  • DNA Polymerase: Enzyme copying DNA accurately during replication.
  • RNA Polymerase: Enzyme transcribing DNA into RNA for protein synthesis.
  • Meiosis: Cell division producing four unique gametes.
  • Mitosis: Cell division producing two identical cells.
  • Nucleus: Cell control center, housing DNA.
  • Homolog: Similar chromosomes from each parent, pairing during meiosis.
  • Ortholog: Genes in different species evolved from a shared ancestor, typically with the same function.
  • Zygote: Fertilized egg cell.

Inheritance and Genetics

  • Dominant: Allele expressing trait even with one copy.
  • Recessive: Allele needing two copies to express trait.
  • Genetic Recombination: DNA exchange between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; increases genetic variation.

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Description

Test your understanding of DNA structure and its role in genetics, as well as the process of protein synthesis. This quiz covers essential concepts such as chromosomes, genes, and the roles of mRNA and tRNA. Challenge your knowledge on cellular processes and genetic terminology.

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