Properties of Liquids

Properties of Water

• Water has a high boiling point due to strong intermolecular forces.
• Water has high surface tension.
• The density of solid water (ice) is less than that of liquid water.

Boiling Point

• Boiling point is influenced by the strength of intermolecular forces (IMF).
• Increasing the temperature of a liquid raises the kinetic energy of its molecules until it exceeds the IMF that holds them together.

Evaporation and Condensation

• Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into a gas.
• Condensation occurs when warm air hits a cold surface, reaching its dew point and condensing.
• Condensation can produce water droplets on the outside of cold surfaces.

Heat Transfer and Energy

• ΔHV (Heat of Vaporization) is the energy absorbed to change 1 gram of liquid to gas at its boiling point.
• Heat of Condensation is the heat released when 1 gram of a gas condenses to a liquid at its boiling point.
• Specific heat of ice (solid water) = 2.03 J/ g°C.
• Specific heat of water (liquid) = 4.18 J/ g°C.
• Specific heat of steam (water vapor) = 1.99 J/ g°C.
• Heat of fusion of water (0°C) = 333 J/ g.
• Heat of vaporization of water (100°C) = 2260 J/ g.

Properties of Solutions

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture with a uniform appearance.
• It consists of a solute (substance being dissolved) and a solvent (substance that dissolves the solute).
• Solutions may have one or more solutes dissolved in a given solvent.
• Soluble substances dissolve in another substance, while insoluble substances do not.
• Miscible liquids are completely soluble in each other, while immiscible liquids do not mix.

Melting Point and Solubility

• The melting point of a solid is the same as the freezing point of the liquid.
• At its melting point, the disruptive vibrations of the particles of the solid overcome the attractive forces operating within the solid.
• Solubility refers to the extent to which a solid dissolves in a particular solvent.
• Solids can be dissolved into a variety of types of solvents.

Other Properties of Solids

• Malleability describes the ability to hammer a solid into a sheet without breaking it.
• Ductility refers to whether a solid can be stretched to form a wire.