34 Questions
What type of collagen is the main type found in fibrocartilage?
Type 1 collagen
Which type of joint has hyaline articular cartilage that is made up of type 2 collagen?
AMPHI arthroses
Where is fibrocartilage typically found in the body?
In the synovium of diarthrodial joints
What happens to hyaline articular cartilage when it wears out?
It transforms into fibrocartilage
Which joint type has a fibrous capsule surrounding it and is lined by synovium?
SYN arthroses
What protects the PG aggregates from enzymatic degradation in the collagen network?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Which enzyme targets the type 2 collagen arcade?
MMP 1
In osteoarthritis (OA), which enzymes are up-regulated and considered 'out of control'?
MMP 3
Which enzyme targets proteoglycans in the articular cartilage?
MMP 3
Which factor up-regulates MMP enzymes in osteoarthritis?
Plasmin
What helps stimulate cartilage metabolism and synthesis?
Growth Hormone
Which enzymes are considered the 'villains' in cartilage degradation?
MMP 1 and MMP 13
Which enzymes are part of the neutral matrix metalloproteases (NMMPs)?
MMP 3 and Collagenase 1
What is the main function of articular cartilage in joints?
To confer compliance and deformability
What happens when the collagen network in hyaline articular cartilage breaks down?
Escape of proteoglycan aggregates into the synovial space
Which component of hyaline articular cartilage has a bottle brush configuration?
Proteoglycans
Why does hyaline articular cartilage appear radiolucent on X-ray?
Due to water content
What is the function of type 2 collagen in hyaline articular cartilage?
Providing strength and structure
Why is articular cartilage like a sponge in terms of water content?
To act as a shock absorber
What happens when the hyaline articular cartilage wears out in arthritis?
Joint space narrowing
Why do chondrocytes occupy a relatively small surface area in hyaline articular cartilage?
To accommodate abundant matrix molecules
What is the role of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis?
Multiply and try to synthesize more matrix molecules
Where do chondrocytes derive from?
Mesenchymal cells
What confers the property of deformability and the ability to distribute load in a reversible sponge-like fashion in hyaline articular cartilage?
Proteoglycans (PGs)
Where is Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) mainly located in the proteoglycan core protein in adult cartilage?
Superior aspect
Which part of the proteoglycan monomer determines where and which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) will be added on to the core?
Core Protein
What renders Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) highly hydrophilic enabling hydration and deformability of the cartilage matrix?
Negatively charged carboxyl groups
What is the main function of the Hyaluronic Acid Binding Region (HABR) in proteoglycan monomers?
To bind to Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
What allows the PG monomers or aggrecans to bind to Hyaluronic Acid (HA) forming PG aggregates?
Hyaluronic Acid Binding Region (HABR)
Where is Keratan Sulfate (KS) enriched in the proteoglycan core protein in relation to Chondroitin Sulfate (CS)?
Amino-terminal
What renders Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) highly hydrophilic allowing for hydration of the cartilage matrix?
Negatively charged carboxyl groups
What contributes significantly to the molecular weight of Proteoglycan monomers?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
What is the backbone of a Proteoglycan subunit?
Core Protein
Which region contains the larger GAG chains in Proteoglycans of articular cartilage PGs?
Chondroitin Sulfate rich region
Test your knowledge on the properties of hyaline articular cartilage, such as tensile strength and collagen arcade structure. Learn about how proteoglycans (PG) and aggrecans contribute to the formation of PG aggregates in cartilage.
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