Proper Excreta and Food Safety Practices

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Questions and Answers

What is the minimum temperature required to store food safely under hot conditions?

60 degrees centigrade (correct)

50 degrees centigrade

80 degrees centigrade

70 degrees centigrade

What should be done with food prepared for infants regarding storage?

Can be stored for later consumption

Can be refrigerated for up to a week

Should always be newly prepared (correct)

Should be frozen for preservation

What is the appropriate reheating temperature for stored food before consumption?

70 degrees centigrade (correct)

60 degrees centigrade

75 degrees centigrade

65 degrees centigrade

Which of the following accurately describes 'rubbish' in the context of solid waste management?

Waste materials such as bottles and broken glass Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is NOT mentioned in the mission of reducing food and waterborne diseases?

Food recycling Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the Rumpel-Leeds Test during the critical phase of dengue infection?

It is not reliable and may produce false negatives. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the febrile phase of dengue infection?

Mild hemorrhagic manifestations like petechiae occur. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the critical phase of dengue infection?

Patients can either improve or deteriorate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with the recovery phase of dengue infection?

Return of body fluids to normal levels. Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive result from the Rumpel-Leeds Test indicate?

There are more than 20 petechial spots in one square inch. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of water carriage toilet facilities in high-end villages?

They use a septic tank or are connected to a sewerage system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is not a valid practice in ensuring food safety?

Storing cooked food at room temperature for up to 5 hours. Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature should food be cooked thoroughly to ensure safety?

70 degrees centigrade. Signup and view all the answers

What must a food establishment have to operate legally?

A health certificate for all employees. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended practice for food storage?

Store cooked food in tightly sealed containers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for disinfecting utensils after washing?

Immersion in clean hot water at 77C for half a minute. Signup and view all the answers

Which food safety right focuses on the correct handling of food?

Right Preparation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate action when in doubt about the safety of water sources?

Boil for at least 2 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for confirmatory serologic testing for leptospirosis?

Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) Signup and view all the answers

What type of protective equipment is recommended for individuals who may be exposed to leptospirosis?

Rubber boots and waterproof clothing Signup and view all the answers

What complication can leptospirosis cause during pregnancy?

Fetal death or abortion Signup and view all the answers

During which period can whole blood and serum be used for diagnosing leptospirosis?

During the acute illness in the first week Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended strategy to prevent leptospirosis in high-risk individuals?

Chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 4-S program against dengue?

Search and Destroy Mosquito Habitats Signup and view all the answers

Which mosquito-borne disease requires early consultation if symptoms persist for more than 2 days?

Dengue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main vector responsible for malaria transmission?

Female Anopheles mosquito Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT included in the primary prevention strategies for malaria?

Use of antiviral medication Signup and view all the answers

When is fogging recommended as a dengue prevention method?

When there is an impending outbreak or hotspot Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal for malaria transmission reduction in the Philippines by 2022?

Less than 1200 indigenous malaria cases Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the first laboratory confirmatory test for malaria?

Malarial Blood Smear (MBS) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is NOT a recommended method for mosquito breeding prevention?

Ignore stagnant pools of water Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Proper Excreta and Sewerage System

Level 2: Commonly used for on-site toilet facilities of the water carriage type, including water-sealed and flush type toilets with septic vault/tank disposal facilities.
Level 3: Water carriage type toilet facilities connected to septic tanks or to a sewerage system or treatment plant; used in high-end villages and condominiums.
Rural areas often use blind drainage or collection type disposal facilities.

Safe Food Practices

Food establishments must have a sanitary permit.
Only individuals with health certificates can work in food establishments.
Employees with communicable diseases, such as boils, infected wounds, respiratory infections, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal upset, cannot work in food handling.
After washing utensils, they must be immersed in clean hot water (77°C) for at least half a minute or lukewarm water with 55-100 ppm of chlorine solution for one minute or steam for 15 minutes at 77°C or 5 minutes at 200°C.

4 Rights in Food Safety

Right Source:
- Buy fresh meat, fish, fruits, and vegetables.
- Check expiry dates.
- Avoid buying canned foods with dents or broken seals.
- Use water from clean and safe sources.
- If unsure about water sources, boil for at least 2 minutes.
Right Preparation:
- Avoid contact between raw and cooked foods.
- Always buy pasteurized milk and fruit juices.
- Wash vegetables thoroughly if eaten raw.
- Wash hands and kitchen utensils before and after food preparation.
- Sweep kitchen floors to remove food droppings.
Right Cooking:
- Cook food thoroughly, ensuring all parts reach 70°C.
- Eat cooked food immediately.
- Wash hands before and after eating.
Right Storage:
- Do not leave cooked food at room temperature for more than 2 hours.
- Use tightly sealed containers for storing foods.
- Store food in hot conditions (at least 60°C) or cold conditions (below or equal to 10°C).
- Freshly prepare foods for infants and do not store them.
- Reheat stored food to at least 70°C before eating.
- "When in doubt, throw it out."

Food and Waterborne Disease Prevention and Control Program

Food and Waterborne Diseases (FWBDs): A group of illnesses characterized by diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, body malaise, with or without fever. They are acquired through ingesting food or water contaminated by disease-causing microorganisms.
Examples include waterborne diseases, influenza, leptospirosis, and dengue (wild).
Vision: A Food and waterborne disease-free Philippines.
Mission: To reduce the burden of FWDs and outbreaks through case management, lab diagnosis, health promotion, policy development, logistics management, research and M&E, surveillance, and interagency collaboration.
Goal: Reduced morbidity and mortality due to FWBDs including outbreaks.

Proper Disposal

Proper Solid Waste Management: Refers to satisfactory methods of storage, collection, and final disposal of solid waste.
Refuse: A general term for solid and semi-solid waste material other than human excreta.
- Garbage: Leftover vegetable, animal, and fish material that tends to decay and emit foul odors.
- Rubbish: Waste materials like bottles, broken glass, porcelain, tin cans, metal pieces, and wrapping materials.

Dengue: Screening

Rumpel-Leeds Test (Tourniquet Test/Capillary Fragility Test):
- Reliable only during the febrile phase (false negative during the toxic stage).
- Positive if more than 20 petechial spots are present inside a 1-inch square in the antecubital fossa.

Dengue: Diagnostics

Dengue Rapid Test: Serologic examination for the presence of DENV antibodies.

Dengue: Treatment Regimen

The treatment regimen for dengue is similar to the screening method (Rumpel-Leeds Test).

Aedes Borne Viral Disease Prevention and Control Program: Phases of Dengue Infection

Febrile Phase:
- Lasts 2-7 days.
- Mild hemorrhagic manifestations like petechiae and mucosal membrane bleeding (e.g., nose and gums).
- Monitor for warning signs.
Critical Phase:
- Defervescence (between 3 to 7 days) - Body temperature (fever) drops to almost normal (between 37.5 to 38°C).
- If the patient improves, it is considered Dengue without Warning Signs. If the patient deteriorates, it is considered Dengue with Warning.
- Severe dengue may follow near the time of defervescence between 24 to 48 hours.
Recovery Phase:
- Next 48 to 72 hours during which body fluids return to normal.
- Some patients may have a classical rash of "isles of white in the sea of red."
- The White Blood Cell (WBC) usually starts to rise soon after defervescence, but the normalization of platelet counts typically happens later.

Dengue: Prevention

Primary:
- Environmental screening.
- Destruction of mosquito breeding places.
- Vector control and extermination, especially in areas with stagnant and dirty water.
- Use of mosquito repellants containing DEET (diethyltoluamide).
- Use of mosquito nets while sleeping.
- Indoor spraying with residual insecticides.

Follow the 4-S Against Dengue

Search and Destroy Mosquito Habitats:
- Cover water drums and pails.
- Replace water in flower vases weekly.
- Clean gutters from leaves and debris.
- Collect and dispose of unusable tin cans, jars, bottles, and other items that can collect water.
Self-Protect:
- Wear long pants and long-sleeved tops.
- Use mosquito repellant regularly.
Seek Early Consultation:
- Consult a physician immediately if fever persists or recurs after 2 days and/or other symptoms appear.
Say Yes to Fogging:
- Only during impending outbreaks or hotspots.

Malaria: Prevention

Primary:
- Vector control and extermination, especially in areas with flowing water.
- Use of mosquito repellants containing DEET (diethyltoluamide).
- Use of mosquito nets while sleeping.
- Indoor spraying with residual insecticides.
- Chemoprophylaxis as prescribed by the CDC and the WHO.

Malaria: Diagnostics

Malarial Blood Smear (MBS): Confirmatory serologic testing done in the community.

Malaria Control Program

Vision: A malaria-free Philippines by 2030.
Mission: By 2022, malaria transmission will be interrupted in all provinces except Palawan, 75 provinces will be declared malaria-free, and the number of indigenous malaria cases will be reduced to less than 1200.
Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.
People infected with malaria may experience kidney failure, seizures, coma, and may die if left untreated.
Modes of Transmission: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.

Leptospirosis: Diagnostics

Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT): Confirmatory serologic testing.
- Acute illness (1st week): Whole blood and serum.
- Convalescent illness (after 1st week): Serum +/- urine.

Leptospirosis: Prevention

Primary:
- Chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline might be effective in preventing clinical disease and could be considered for people at high risk and with short-term exposures.
- Avoid wading, swimming, bathing, swallowing, or submersing the head in potentially contaminated freshwater (rivers, streams).
- Avoid contact with floodwater and do not eat food contaminated with floodwater.
- Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (rubber boots, waterproof coveralls/clothing, gloves) if exposure cannot be avoided.
- Pest control and extermination, especially for rodents.
- Do not eat food that may have been exposed to rodents and possibly contaminated with their urine.

Leptospirosis: Complications

Leptospirosis during pregnancy can cause fetal complications, including fetal death or abortion.
The case fatality rate for leptospirosis is approximately 5%–15% among patients with severe illness.

Filariosis: Diagnostics

Nocturnal Blood Examination: Identification of microfilariae in a blood smear by microscopic examination.

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Description

This quiz covers essential practices for maintaining sanitary conditions in both sewerage systems and food establishments. Learn about water carriage toilets, septic tanks, and the importance of hygiene in food handling. Test your knowledge on safe food practices and proper waste disposal methods.