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Questions and Answers
What primarily enables short attachment pili to colonize surfaces and resist flushing?
What primarily enables short attachment pili to colonize surfaces and resist flushing?
- Their large numbers in the bacterial population
- Their structural composition allowing for adhesion (correct)
- Their longer length compared to conjugation pili
- Their ability to synthesize proteins effectively
Which type of cell division is characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
Which type of cell division is characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
- Mitosis and meiosis (correct)
- Fragmentation
- Fission
- Budding
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
- To produce energy for the cell
- To provide structural support to organelles
- To store genetic information
- To regulate the entry and exit of substances (correct)
What differentiates rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What differentiates rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
What structure in prokaryotic cells serves as a permeability barrier?
What structure in prokaryotic cells serves as a permeability barrier?
Which of the following statements accurately describes prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following statements accurately describes prokaryotic cells?
Which component is primarily responsible for the rigidity and shape of prokaryotic cells?
Which component is primarily responsible for the rigidity and shape of prokaryotic cells?
How do prokaryotic cells primarily reproduce?
How do prokaryotic cells primarily reproduce?
Which of the following accurately describes a pilus in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following accurately describes a pilus in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary genetic material found in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary genetic material found in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following best describes the term 'anaerobic' in the context of prokaryotic metabolism?
Which of the following best describes the term 'anaerobic' in the context of prokaryotic metabolism?
What is the role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
What is the role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Which structure within the nucleus is primarily involved in ribosome production?
Which structure within the nucleus is primarily involved in ribosome production?
What is the function of the nuclear membrane?
What is the function of the nuclear membrane?
How do nuclear pores contribute to cellular function?
How do nuclear pores contribute to cellular function?
What is chromatin primarily composed of?
What is chromatin primarily composed of?
Which component of the nucleus is rich in RNA?
Which component of the nucleus is rich in RNA?
What distinguishes the nuclear envelope from other cellular membranes?
What distinguishes the nuclear envelope from other cellular membranes?
What process occurs when chromatin condenses?
What process occurs when chromatin condenses?
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which organelle is responsible for processing, packaging, and sorting materials for secretion?
Which organelle is responsible for processing, packaging, and sorting materials for secretion?
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
In which area of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle occur?
In which area of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle occur?
What are vacuoles responsible for in plant cells?
What are vacuoles responsible for in plant cells?
What is the function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
What is the function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
What do secretory granules primarily secrete?
What do secretory granules primarily secrete?
Which type of vacuole is responsible for regulating water balance in freshwater protists?
Which type of vacuole is responsible for regulating water balance in freshwater protists?
What are the main functions of the cytoplasmic inclusions?
What are the main functions of the cytoplasmic inclusions?
What is the primary pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy?
What is the primary pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy?
Which structure in mitochondria increases surface area for ATP synthesis?
Which structure in mitochondria increases surface area for ATP synthesis?
What process do lysosomes undergo to recycle the cell's own organelles?
What process do lysosomes undergo to recycle the cell's own organelles?
What is stored in lipid droplets within adipocytes?
What is stored in lipid droplets within adipocytes?
What defines the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
What defines the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Which structure contains a pair of centrioles in animal cells?
Which structure contains a pair of centrioles in animal cells?
What essential role does dynein play in cilia and flagella?
What essential role does dynein play in cilia and flagella?
How do proteins produced by ribosomes differ when they are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum compared to those that are free-floating?
How do proteins produced by ribosomes differ when they are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum compared to those that are free-floating?
What is the composition of centrioles in animal cells?
What is the composition of centrioles in animal cells?
What happens to the proteins produced by ribosomes that float freely in the cytoplasm?
What happens to the proteins produced by ribosomes that float freely in the cytoplasm?
What is one of the main functions of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
What is one of the main functions of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
What type of granules are abundant in liver cells and play a role in the glucose cycle?
What type of granules are abundant in liver cells and play a role in the glucose cycle?
Which of the following accurately describes cilia and flagella?
Which of the following accurately describes cilia and flagella?
What role do microtubules play in the cell?
What role do microtubules play in the cell?
Which motor protein is responsible for the bending movements of a cilium?
Which motor protein is responsible for the bending movements of a cilium?
What enables the sliding of microtubules in cilia and flagella?
What enables the sliding of microtubules in cilia and flagella?
What is a distinctive feature of pigments in cells?
What is a distinctive feature of pigments in cells?
What does the peptidyl transferase site in the large ribosomal subunit do?
What does the peptidyl transferase site in the large ribosomal subunit do?
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Study Notes
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles; examples include bacterial cells.
- Eukaryotic cells, typical of protists, plants, fungi, and animals, possess a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and have numerous organelles.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Organisms include Eubacteria and Archaebacteria; primarily unicellular and vary in size from 0.2 to 5 μm.
- Absence of a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; cell division occurs via binary fission.
- Metabolism can be anaerobic or aerobic, with many possessing a cell wall composed mainly of peptidoglycan.
Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
- Capsule: Provides protection and helps retain moisture.
- Cell Wall: Confers rigidity and shape; most have a cell wall.
- Plasma Membrane: Acts as a permeability barrier.
- Plasmid: Small DNA molecules that give genetic advantages.
- Nucleoid: Region containing DNA; lacks a defined nucleus.
- Cytoplasm: Contains chromosomes, ribosomes, and various inclusions.
- Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis.
- Flagellum: Facilitates bacterial movement.
- Pili and Fimbriae: Structures for attachment; pili are longer and fewer than fimbriae.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Include organisms like fungi, plants, and animals, which can be unicellular or multicellular.
- Most have a cell wall (cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi) and are mostly aerobic.
- Cell division involves mitosis and meiosis, with a structured spindle apparatus.
Eukaryotic Cell Parts and Functions
- Cell Membrane: Separates the cell from its environment, regulating substance entry/exit, providing shape and flexibility.
- Cytoplasm: The largest cell component containing organelles and materials surrounding the nucleus.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein production.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid metabolism.
- Golgi Apparatus: Processes, packages, and sorts secretory materials for cell use or export.
- Lysosomes: Membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes for digestion of macromolecules and cellular recycling.
- Vacuoles:
- Food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis.
- Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of cells.
- Central vacuoles store organic compounds and water in plant cells.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, involved in ATP synthesis; contain inner membrane folded into cristae.
- Chloroplasts: In plant cells, site of photosynthesis; contains thylakoids and stroma.
- Secretory Granules: Store and secrete substances like enzymes and proteins.
- Lipid Droplets: Store fatty acids and sterols in adipocytes.
- Cytoplasmic Inclusions: Non-membranous structures serving various functions, including ribosomes and glycogen granules.
Cellular Organelles
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, found free in the cytoplasm or attached to ER.
- Centrosomes and Centrioles: Microtubule-organizing centers; centrioles assist in cell division.
- Cilia and Flagella: Hair-like structures controlling cell movement, differing in beating patterns.
- Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, organizes organelles, and aids in movement.
Nucleus
- Central organelle in eukaryotic cells containing genetic material; site of nucleic acid synthesis.
- Chromatin composed of DNA and proteins, forms chromosomes during cell division.
- Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane with pores regulating molecule traffic.
- Nucleolus: Produces ribosomal subunits, rich in RNA, responsible for synthesizing proteins.
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