Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the size range of most clinically relevant bacterial species?

  • 0.05 to 0.5 µm in width and 0.5 to 1 µm in length
  • 0.25 to 1 µm in width and 1 to 3 µm in length (correct)
  • 0.5 to 5 µm in width and 5 to 10 µm in length
  • 1 to 10 µm in width and 10 to 30 µm in length

    • Which characteristic distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

  • Absence of cell walls
  • Presence of a defined nucleus
  • Presence of plasmids (correct)
  • Lack of nucleic acids

    • What is the significance of the differences in bacterial cell walls?

  • They determine the replication rate of bacteria
  • They influence resistance to antibiotics
  • They provide the basis for the Gram stain (correct)
  • They determine the metabolic rate of the bacteria

    • Which of the following options is incorrect about bacterial cells?

    <p>They contain organelles such as mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT typically found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance primarily composes the granules that lessen osmotic pressure?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of polyphosphate granules?

    <p>Storage of inorganic phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibiotic interferes with protein synthesis by attaching to the 50S subunit?

    <p>Chloramphenicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the primary genetic material in bacteria?

    <p>Circular chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gas vacuoles primarily associated with?

    <p>Buoyancy in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granules are also known as Babes-Ernst Bodies?

    <p>Volutin granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycogen in bacteria?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is present in the nucleoid of bacteria?

    <p>Chromatin body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of Mycoplasma regarding its membrane composition?

    <p>It incorporates sterols from its environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of bacterial membranes?

    <p>Storage of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport mechanism involves simultaneous transport of two substrates in the same direction?

    <p>Symport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of aerobic organisms regarding ion-motive force?

    <p>They have easier time generating an ion-motive force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport mechanism is characterized by the transport of two like-charged compounds in opposite directions?

    <p>Antiport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do membranes play in electron transport for aerobic species?

    <p>They facilitate oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the housing of enzymes in bacterial membranes is true?

    <p>They are involved in outer membrane synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of transport does a substrate move independent of any coupled ion?

    <p>Uniport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What microorganism is known for having a terminal spore?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of endospores protects bacteria from human defense mechanisms?

    <p>The existence of a capsule that resists phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is characterized by a subterminal spore location?

    <p>Clostridium botulinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can be used to detect somatic antigens after capsule removal?

    <p>Boiling a suspension of the microorganism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the spore protoplast found in endospores?

    <p>It contains a complete nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the slime layer differ from a capsule?

    <p>The slime layer is loosely attached to the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about the capsule of some bacteria?

    <p>It can appear as a clear area when using common stains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the spore wall of an endospore contain that is crucial to its function?

    <p>Normal peptidoglycan that becomes the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature that distinguishes spirochetes from other bacteria?

    <p>Unique structure and motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do true motility and Brownian movement differ in bacteria?

    <p>True motility involves directed movement; Brownian movement is random.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure allows bacteria to move by swimming in a definite direction?

    <p>Flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory method is commonly used to observe true motility?

    <p>Hanging Drop Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of bacteria would you expect to find two pairs of rings in the basal body of the flagellum?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the movement of bacteria toward or away from a stimulus?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pili (fimbriae) in bacteria?

    <p>Adhering to surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the term 'tumble' in relation to bacterial movement?

    <p>Sharp change in direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic structure in bacteria forms a helix and is composed of flagellin?

    <p>Filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the swarming behavior observed in Proteus bacteria?

    <p>Flagellar density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Cells

    • Chemically similar - both contain nucleic acids, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates
    • Both have ribosomes, but prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (70S) and eukaryotic ribosomes are larger (80S)
    • Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum)
    • Prokaryotic genome consists of a single, circular chromosome, while eukaryotic genome is organized into multiple linear chromosomes within a nucleus
    • Prokaryotes divide by binary fission, while eukaryotes divide by mitosis or meiosis
    • Prokaryotic cell walls contain peptidoglycan, which is absent in eukaryotic cell walls

    Bacterial Morphology

    • Bacteria vary in size, morphology, cell-to-cell arrangement, and chemical composition and structure of the cell wall
    • Bacterial cell wall differences form the basis for the Gram stain
    • Most clinically relevant bacterial species range in size from 0.25 t0 1um in width and 1 to 3um in length
    • Bacteria are 100 times larger than a virus and 10 times smaller than a eukaryotic cell

    Bacterial Structures

    • Cell wall: provides structural support and shape, and protects the cell from osmotic lysis. Composed of peptidoglycan.
    • Plasma membrane: regulates the transport of nutrients and waste products. Composed of phospholipids and proteins.
    • Cytoplasm: the gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains the cell's genetic material, ribosomes, and other essential components.
    • Ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis.
    • Nucleoid: the region of the cytoplasm where the bacterial chromosome is located. Not enclosed by a membrane.
    • Flagella: long, whip-like appendages that allow bacteria to move.
    • Pili (fimbriae): short, hair-like structures that help bacteria adhere to surfaces.
    • Capsule: a gelatinous layer that surrounds some bacteria, protecting them from phagocytosis by white blood cells.
    • Spores: dormant, highly resistant forms of bacteria that can survive harsh conditions.

    Endospores

    • Responsible for perpetuation
    • Not involved in multiplication
    • Examples: Bacillus, Clostridium
    • Types of spores based on location:
      • Terminal spore (Clostridium tetani)
      • Subterminal spore (Clostridium botulinum)
      • Central spore (Bacillus anthracis)
    • Properties of Endospores:
      • Core: spore protoplast, containing a complete chromosome, protein-synthesizing apparatus, and a glycolysis-based energy-generating system.
      • Spore wall: the innermost layer surrounding the inner spore membrane, composed of peptidoglycan.
      • Exosporium: the outermost layer of the endospore, composed of protein.

    Capsule

    • Composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide
    • Protects the bacteria from the attacks of the human defense system
    • Resists phagocytosis
    • Resists desiccation
    • Capsules sometimes must be removed for detecting the somatic (cell wall) antigens
    • Capsule removal achieved by boiling a suspension of the microorganism
    • Capsules do not stain with common laboratory stains (Gram or India ink)

    Slime Layer

    • Unorganized material loosely attached to the cell wall
    • Diffuses between the cell wall and the surrounding medium

    Spirochetes

    • A group of bacteria with unique structure and motility
    • Movement achieved by axial filaments or endoflagella
    • True motility and Brownian movement are best observed through the Hanging Drop Method
    • Flagellar staining, serological tests, fluorescent antibody techniques, and swarming phenomena can also be used to demonstrate motility

    Taxis

    • Movement of bacteria toward or away from a particular stimulus

    • Types of Taxis:

      • Chemotaxis - movement in response to chemical stimuli.
      • Phototaxis - movement in response to light stimuli.
      • Aerotaxis - movement in response to oxygen stimuli.
      • Magnetotaxis - movement in response to magnetic stimuli.

    Pili (Fimbriae)

    • Hairlike, proteinaceous structures extending from the cell membrane into the external environment
    • Approximately 2 μm long
    • Hair-like microfibrils usually produced by flagellated Gram-negative bacteria.
    • Observable by electron microscopy
    • Assist with attachment to surfaces.

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    Clinical Bacteriology Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their structures, functions, and reproduction methods. This quiz will also cover bacterial morphology and how it relates to classification, such as the Gram stain technique. Dive into the fascinating world of cellular biology!

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